Is ethnic conflict the most important cause of civil wars Essay

Is ethnic conflict the most important cause of civil wars - Essay Example All governments in the world attempt to attain and maintain a monopoly over organized violence within its borders. When they lose the monopoly to the emergence of a rebel group, a civil war erupts. Reducing global incidence of civil wars is highly feasible and is hugely valuable to international peace and stability in the globe. All in all, ethnic difference has been quoted by many as the most important cause of many civil wars being experienced around the globe. To Collier, P & Hoeffler, A (2005), civil wars are now more common compared to international conflict. According to them, of the 15 main armed conflicts which are listed by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) for 2001, majority are internal conflicts which can be categorized as civil wars. To start with, unequal distribution of government resources forces people to come together once they notice that, the distribution is done in the lines of ethnicity. A saying goes that, if in a seat of power, you should always do well and particularly to your tribes’ men. To Fearon, J. et al. (2006), this is a negative score if a country is to have the required cohesion among the tribes if it is to achieve any thing higher. The neglected tribes often come up to attack the ruling elites together with the tribes were they come from. According to Fearon, J. et al. (2006), this is the starting point. Also, government positions are allocated to the politically correct individuals; from the tribe of the ruling class. This practice of segregating some individuals due to his/her tribe leads to civil war in many instances. Further, in countries which were colonized by foreign powers, the first citizen to rule that country determines the future of the country. When a person ascends to power and starts rewarding his/her ethnic group then a problem crops up. For example in Kenya after the general elections last year, an internal conflict ensued which could have deteriorated into a civil war

The Growing Population And Their Fight For Survival Essay

The Growing Population And Their Fight For Survival - Essay Example The author believes that the 9/11 tragedy emphasizes the scope of the danger which â€Å"weapons of mass destruction, and especially nuclear weapons, present to the humanity† (432). Prior to the catastrophe, many of its ingredients had already been obvious, including suicide bombers and the exaltation of the Asian hatred toward the West (Schell 433). The emergence of suicide bombers and the expanding market of nuclear weapons were both responsible for the escalation of violence (Schell 433). However, the hidden danger of the nuclear weapons in Russia and the United States can be more serious (Schell 433). Understanding the sources of the hate toward the United States is the task crucial for the future safety and stability in the U.S. (Schell 435). Atwood describes her visit Afghanistan in February 1978, several weeks before one of the most significant military conflicts broke out. Atwood writes that her relatives tried to change her plans (279). Yet, she could not lose the cha nce to see the houses of Kabul carved wood and taste the cultural and political atmosphere in the country (Atwood 279). Atwood visited the country with her child, and she hired a car to see the disastrous retreat of the British from Kabul (279). She felt the pressure of the cultural norms – men never talked to her directly, whereas women in the streets were wearing chadors (Atwood 280). She bought a chador in the market, and once put on, Atwood could feel turning blank in the visual field, being both there and not there (280).

Engl week 3 forum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Engl week 3 forum - Assignment Example As such they should do their best to deliver something that would appeal to the public. The writer should prepare just enough contents for his or her audience and not bore them with unimportant introductions or basics. The audience should also see that your article is useful and matters to them. Writing an article with a clear purpose makes it attractive to read. The audience targeted should feel that the article addresses a particular issue in their lives. The article should focus on specific topics and not be general or vague (Annemare, 127). If the issues of the audience and purpose are not addressed, several problems may arise. If the audience is not considered, age groups may be offended or even problems of gender sensitivity may arise. If the purpose of an article is not considered, the article will not be resourceful to the audience. Purpose gives an article meaning and resourcefulness (Annemare, 197). Once I read an article on fashion that did not seem to describe a difference between the dressing of teenagers and adults. I bet anyone who went through the article could not find good advice on dress code since it did not specify how different age groups should

Social media policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social media policy - Essay Example The official page must be moderated thoroughly and the basic purpose should always be reflected through the images and posts generated on the page which is â€Å"to insure the personal safety of players is not compromised.† The members must be protected through the social media policy in order to retain the healthy sports environment and to avoid any hassle or messed up situation (Culnan et al. 2010). The league will protect members by assuring no threats or foul language and by keeping active complaint cell that will listen to and take action against the complaints made by the members. The selection of teams in the league will be communicated thoroughly on the page provided the selection criteria of the league and values and code of behavior followed by the teams. The selected selectors and the working committees will also be updated on the page. Employees play the most vital part when it comes to implement the social media policy as any laps left at their end may create an undesirable situation (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010). The employees will be responsible

Soviet Union Involvement in Afghanistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Soviet Union Involvement in Afghanistan - Essay Example This was how the relationship between the two countries began which was to leave a long lasting impact on both the countries. This association saw periods of ups and downs. There were times when there were strong links between the two countries and there were also times when nothing significant happened for years (Freedman, 1991). Afghanistan was a newly born state and at this time it needed assistance and help from its neighbors and this backing was provided to it by the Soviet Union. In the time period from 1919 up to 1929 the relations between the two countries were very friendly and they moved at a swift pace. Technicians and trained personnel flew in from the Soviet Union to build the infrastructure in Afghanistan and also to improve the communication systems which included railways, roads, telegraph and telephone. Students were given chances to pursue their studies in the Soviet Union and training was provided for army personnel. Before independence the afghan market was mainly governed by all the goods from England but now there was inflow of commodities from the Soviet Union as well. Many such developments were not very much liked by the English and they wanted the government of King Amanullah to end. At the same time though the king had done all these developments for the betterment of the country an d with a good will but he had not considered the other factions of his country like the tribes and the religious segments. This led to the toppling of his government and Nader Shah took over the country in 1929.In 1929 and the years that were to follow there were no links between the two countries so this era might be termed as the black era. There were a few talks between the two countries but these were of the least importance. Afghanistan might have maintained this state of neutrality because of the Second World War and as both the Indian subcontinent and the Soviet Union were involved in it and they were both opponents in the war. After the world war the next issue that came up was the independence of India and Pakistan from the British colonial rule. After the independence of these countries there was strong impact on Afghanistan which led to the change in the governance in the country and marshal shah Mahmud became the prime minister of the country in 1933. Marshal Shah Mahmud's government was more willing to take assistance from the United States than the Soviet Union. They asked for backing from the United States and in return offering to them contracts and deals. The American government did not give any response to their offer. In 1951 marshal Shah Mahmud made a personal request to President Truman and he was again disappointed because he did not get any positive answer. Still marshal shah Mahmud was not willing to take assistance from the soviet and when he was asked by a group of reporters that would he ask the soviet union for help, he replied: "Muslims are forbidden to eat pork, except when a Muslim is dying of hunger!" Shah Mahmud was replaced by prince Daoud. Again the prince made one final attempt to ask for help from the United States but this attempt also proved to be unsuccessful because the United States put a condition on Afghanistan to part its way from the Baghdad Pact. After this last try a General Meeting was

An Interpretation of John Keats’ To Autumn Essay Example for Free

An Interpretation of John Keats’ To Autumn Essay Introduction Poems by John Keats are a source of inspiration. He plays with his readers and takes them to places and times with his words. What inspiration does Keats bring? He inspire his readers to go beyond his words and discover a new world he creates. He makes his words so colorful and alive it is almost musical to the ear. When one reads Keats, he wonders what’s in his heart when he wrote his particular poem and makes him want to be in Keats world and senses. In this particular review, I tried to see Keats world of autumn from afar. A world detached, to objectively examine and look at autumn as Keats paints it with his words. I also wanted to get a perspective of Keat’s style with words, of how he uses them as a vehicle for others to journey to his world. In this same review, I tried to experience the world that Keats created and feel both the experience of his symbols and my comprehension of what he symbolizes autumn to be. The formal and thematic aspect of the poem will be commented on but this interpretation will be candid as I believe Keats wanted his poem read. 1 2 Throughout the three stanzas of the poem, Keats has maintained the ten syllable measure of each line, although, the foot measure of syllable stressed is a little slacked. As in the lines, â€Å"Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store? Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find† and some more. Reading aloud the verse, Drowsd with the fume of poppies, while thy hook spares the next swath and all its twined flowers: I could not quite place the stress of the syllables to create a rhythmic sound. I call it literary license, Keats permit his reader to make a decision and choose the way to vocalize his poem. The first stanza is vibrant and tells us of bounty. It is a direct contradiction of autumn or fall as the season is the time when trees begin to bare its leaves and fruits are scarce. But in this poem, Keats describes autumn as the climax of summer, †Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;† mist and mellow here are used as a welcoming scenario to a world filled with life and produce. The last word of the first line fruitfulness rhyming with bless on the third line and sustaining the rhythmic scale throughout the stanza gives a musical air as one reads the poem aloud. The stanza tells us also of a promise of continuity. â€Å"To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells with a sweet kernel; to set budding more, and still more, later flowers for the bees,† true to the rhythm of his verses, Keats described autumn as a time when seeds are planted for life to continue. It tells as of a beginning of a season, fresh and ready for a new experience in a manner where the season before it, which is summer, in the festivities of plenty and not as a dying season ready to be forgotten and left behind. Autumn in Keats† dedication receives Summer’s gift of plenty, it began as a climax of summer and therefore, promise to be a season 3 of new discoveries and not as bleak as shedding away the leaves of trees to forgetfulness. In the second stanza, the word flowers does not rhyme with any other words at the end of each line. I need to read the poem aloud and discover a rhythm for it to make the poem alive, it gets into a perfect rhyme with the word â€Å"spares’ if that’s where I put the measure at the end of the first line, thus, â€Å" Drowsd with the fume of poppies, while thy hook Spares / the next swath and all its twined flowers.† The same with the last two lines of the second stanza, â€Å"Or by a cyder-press, with patient look, Thou watchest the last oozings hours by hours,† by simply repeating the word, the seemingly ignored rhyme is captured. This is my personal preference of setting the rhythmic pattern of vocalizing the poem, although, the rhyme pattern of the three stanzas comes out to be ababacacaaa, ababcdecdde, and ababcdecdde, in this particular order. It can be observed that the first stanza follows an independent rhyme pattern from the other two stanzas. Keats may have done it intentionally to stress the change of tone of the second stanza that is presented as a question. Why could Keats have done this? As I get absorbed in the autumn scenario of the first stanza, feeling the cool air and seeing laden apple trees bend, the mossed cottage, the vines and more, feeling the climax of summer shared into the start of autumn, and as I get lost to the world that Keats painted with his words, somebody shoots a question like, †Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store?† and I was reminded that I am not alone. It was not even a question in the sense that Keats emphasized the beauty of the season being one that cannot be ignored. If he likened autumn as a stage of life’s journey and we choose the paths that we travel on, in the roads we took as we travel in this world, we met people to keep us company, 4 sometimes partway, the greatest thing maybe is to find beauty in life that keeps us company all through the journey. Reading the second stanza brings another question to my mind. What do I really seek for in this life? Why does Keats made me ask this when he wrote, â€Å"Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,† What Keats said in this line is that there are people who sought for things in this life away from where they really are and in fact, what they are seeking for is just within reach. Very clearly he meant happiness, he meant beauty of living, the beauty of living in the here and now. Keats wanted to tell his readers that we need not wait for what we can achieve in the future to experience the joy of being alive. We need only to be aware of the blessings we could find in the present to feel that joy that we seek for in our journey. The third stanza is a validation of the second stanza both in form and interpretation. I noticed that both have the same rhyme pattern and both starts with a question. It tells us of men looking out for joy too far out as in spring in autumn failing to notice that joy is just within reach. â€Å":Where are the songs of spring? Ay, where are they?†, Keats wanted us to know that in this life’s journey, happiness is not about the things we reap in the future but of finding happiness in every endeavor that we do without waiting for whatever fruits or rewards we earned as a result of our works. He tells us that like spring or summer or winter, autumn carries within itself its own music like the wailful choir of small gnats, the loud bleats of full-grown lambs, the songs of crickets, the whistles from garden croft, the twitter of the swallows. Keats wanted his readers to discover them. The choice of the word â€Å"wailful†, the reader can almost hear the liquid fall of tears of the gnats† mournful music. Sad, yet in Keats world of words 5 they represented life’s emotions that eventually gives meaning to everyone’s existence. He pictures autumn’s soft dying day with rosy hue and not with the bleak grey or the dying blackness of the welcoming dark, but of shades of the rose, full of life, full of promise, perhaps of another day ahead, a goodnights sleep, a beautiful dream, a walk in the moon? Or whatever the good life brings in the third part of man’ life. The poem is not necessarily strict with the academic form of the poem although as much as possible Keats wanted to adhere to the scholarly it dictates. In this form, the poem creates a character of free spirit and that refused to be tamed. The three stanzas o f the poem expresses a discipline. It follows a form respecting rhyme, measure, rhythm, color, and all the constituents of this form of literature. Yet, it does hesitate to lay away the conventional to express the soul of his expression as Keats diversion from the rhyming pattern to the rhyming pattern he followed on the second and third stanza. The syllabic measure of the words spares and flowers are left to the decision of the reader, making the reader an active participant to the interpretation of the poem. The three parts of the poem suggest the three stages of man’s life at a point of view, being at birth and early life, maturity and finally at the golden old age of man. But Keats only suggest, because all three speaks of seeking the joy of finding the beauty that life brings. The poem itself, as a form, is music to the ears. His play of rhythm, rhyme, and choice of words, in the context of emotionally attaching the self during its vocalization is like listening to the music of nature. The poem vividly expressed the colors of autumn using nature’s characters as in â€Å"rosy hue†. It does not boast with lengthy lines, numerous stanzas, academic words to express the simplicity of enjoying life, in life’s term. 6 Conclusion The poem â€Å"To Autumn† is a metaphor. Keats represented the season as man’s objects of his endeavors. In the same manner, the times of the seasons’ days represented man’s three stages in life. Why has Keats chosen autumn to represent ingredients of life’s journey? Maybe because of the colors it creates as the season journeys towards another. Maybe because autumn carries with itself the fruitful harvest of summer and links itself to the preparation winter does for a new life in spring. All these are speculations, and these speculations made me look into my life and my attitudes towards life as a journey. A lot of interpretations had considered â€Å"To Autumn† as one of the greatest odes that Keats had written. â€Å"Written in September of 1819, this piece is regarded as his most achieved ode.† 1. If all forms of writing, in different degrees of exertions aims to manipulate the reader’s mind to a certain mode of thoughtfulness, then Keats’ has manipulated mine into a romantic mode of communing with nature as a tool of reflection. He has vividly painted a picture of a season with words so successfully so that its form takes life and invited its readers to experience the joys of the season. It invited everyone to forget about worrying so much about future and take the joys of life in the here and now. 1 Analysis of Keats’ Poem To Autumn Essay. http://exampleesays.com/viewpaper/?wid=1795

The internationalization of IKEA into China

The internationalization of IKEA into China Introduction When dealing with international marketing is one of the key points you should consider whether the product or marketing to be standardized or adapted to each local market. The question is one of the most debated in the international marketing literature by authors such as (XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXXXX, XXXXXXXX). The focal point of this task is the issue between standardization and adaptation in the international campaign. First reviewed a theoretical perspective on the issue, based on Levitts controversial and much omdoskiterede article from XXXXX, XXXXX, followed by an outline of the criticism has been against Levitt and the whole theory about standardization. A critical evaluation of the whole issue of standardizing versus adaptation follows then And finally rounded off with conclusions and further reading. Teoretiske koncepter standadisering versus adaption According to Levitt the most radical of the proponents of standardization thinking there is much in favor of a standardization strategy. In Theodore Levitts article from 1983 (FIND XXXX Overview about Globalization Thoughts Fra pdf med GlobaliseringXXXXX), where he discusses the globalization of markets and the standardization of products and production processes, Levitt stated, Only global companies will achieve long-term success by concentrating on what everyone wants in rather than worrying about the details of what everyone thinks they like His basic idea was to show the need for standardization in industry processes and products to be able to increase the relative quality of falling costs and so the price per item . This idea was founded by awareness of globalization and the coupled development of subsequent homogenization of consumers and their needs. In his book from 1995 The Globalization of Markets in Global Marketing Management. Cases and Readings Levitt argues, first, that markets the world over converge and as a follow consumer preferences worldwide becoming more more uniform. A global demand pattern emerges which can be satisfied through a global and standardized XXXXXudbudXXXXX. Second, a standardization of products and marketing provides an opportunity to achieve economies of scale in production and lower costs. This leads to low price of the products thus freeing resources to product development. Standardization implies that you refrain from accommodating local preferences, and instead concentrate on developing the core qualities of the product. Whatever the preferences in a given time might be for a local custom product, consumers will end up prefer global, standardized products, because of their basic quality and cheap price. If companies want to succeed in the global competition, they should assume that the needs arou nd the world are basically alike. Theodore Levits article in Harvard Business Review in 1983, XXXXX The Globalization of Markets XXXXX since it was created was one of the most controversial marketing hypotheses. Most of the discussion has gone on the accuracy of the Levite central idea, namely that the most successful, future business strategy will be the completely standardized, which takes no account of what is regarded as superficial differences between world markets. Rather than being paralyzed by differences in individual markets to develop global business opportunities to see the similarities between consumers across various markets. Faced with this view highlights the supporters of an increased focus on locating and individual market adjustment that supporters of globalization, including working from an unrealistic understanding of globalization pace where the marketing function apparently globalizing at a faster pace than the consumers, it postulates that turn tilXXXXX Usunier, Jean-Claude, 1997: Marketing Across Cultures, Prentice Hall XXXXX The cultural differences between markets are weighted more heavily than the proponents of globalization expresses particular in connection with marketing communication. The differences between markets outweigh the similarities. Nobody and nothing is solved culture. Both products and consumers should be seen and understood in their cultural context XXXXX Mooij, Marieke those, 1998: Global Marketing and A dvertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes, Sage. XXXXX . For example, the companys marketing communication contains a number of standardization immediately obvious benefits of resource characteristics. The idea of one global theme for the companys marketing communication is tempting, but may pose a risk to cultural and linguistic differences between the markets examined. Several brands have thus different image to different markets. Thus connected instance Honda with properties like reliability and quality in the U.S. while the Japanese market, where these properties are considered self-evident, see Honda as an expression of speed, youth and energy XXXXX Aaker, David A. and Joachimsthaler, Erich, The Lure of Global Branding , Harvard Business Review, Vol 77, No. 2, 1999. XXXXX A sales argument would not necessarily have the same appeal in all markets, simply because the text is translated into the language market. Theories that argue against Levitts thoughts on globalization illustrate that standards in general do not meet consumer needs and lifestyles. These theories imply that consumers are becoming more diverse globally, which means that products and services must change with the adjustment and use of standards in the direction of regional segments. The critics of global marketing mean that cultural, political, and economic differences in different countries call for an adaption to local markets XXXXX (Boddewyn, Soehl and Picard 1986; Hill and Still 1984; Quelch and Hoff 1986; Sorenson and Wiechmann 1975; Wind 1986). XXXXX The thought of standadisation is an oversimplification of reality. There are variations between different countries in terms of consumer needs, purchasing power, commercial infrastructure, culture and traditions, laws and regulations, and technological progress. These factors are still to different from country to country so its necessary to adjust the marketing strategy for each market XXXXX (Terpstra Sarathy, 2000) (Standardization versus adaptation of international marketing strategy: an integrative assessment of the empirical research)). XXXXX Common to the authors, highlighting the limitations of standardization strategy is that they point to the cultural differences as one of the key barriers to a standardization strategy. The key concept that has been used to describe the importance of culture in marketing strategy is cultural bind. This suggests that products can be more or less tied to the cultures they consumed, and that the degree of cultural bonding determines whether they can be standardized or not. Food and clothing should therefore be strongly culture-bound products, which are difficult to standardize, while industrial goods are kulturfri, and therefore easier to standardize. In between you place the consumer durables, which more than kulturfri eg food but more culture bound than industrial goods XXXXX (Usunier 1993). XXXXX The classic debate on standardization versus adaptation is increasingly proving to be based on some outdated terms. Culture is the habits and ways of thinking, we take for granted. This is also the understanding of culture that underlie the traditional debate on the Levites point: to what extent can something fit into the existing culture. This papers argument is that it is not so much a question of whether the market is (or marketing) is substantially different from the culture, it must fit in. What matters is rather whether it can operate in different discourses on cultural identity in local markets. Cultural Understanding yesterday to predict the problems and potential misunderstandings arising from different cultural backgrounds. Furthermore, the fundamental question of the relationship between marketing and culture in this perspective, to what extent an individual, current marketing strategy or tactic is applicable in another cultural context. The main problem with the Levites argument is that the globalization process basic viewed as driven by demand. This is summarized in the following lines: The uniformity of preferences will inevitably lead to standardization of products of industrial and commercial and business enterprises XXXXX Levitt, Theodore (1983), The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review (May-June) , 92-102. pp 93, XXXXX. But, as we have seen, there is both a strong tendency towards standardization and perhaps even more likely that globalization is carried forward by competitive supply rather than demand side, and that those in each case are not independent of each other. This has opened Levits argument for a critique from various scientists, whereas Levits lack of understanding of the concept of culture and persistent cultural differences in the globalizing world. Yet other theorists XXXXX Robertson, Roland (1992), Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture, London: Sage. XXXXX Robertson, Roland (1995), Glocalization: Time-Space and Homogeneity-Heterogeneity, M. Featherstone, S. Lash R. Robertson, eds, Global Modernities, London: Sage, 25-44. XXXXX has tried to move beyond this dichotomous debate a counterpart to the debate that has been conveyed in marketing literature on standardized or customized wine promotion (see Wind Douglas comment XXXXX Wind, Yoram and Susan P. Douglas (1988), The Myth of Globalization , Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol 12 (Winter). XXXXX to Levite thesis). Here it is suggested that you talk about glocalisation since both homogenizing (globalizing) and heterogeniserende (localising) processes is an essential part of globalization. Robertson emphasizes this when he sees the local (and location) as a fundamental rather than a conflicting part of globalization. Thus in one sense, such as Levitt argues a homogenization of demand but it is a demand for differences rather than according to uniform, standardized Western products. Levite mistake is to have considered culture as something that exists independently of the market, an external factor, whose consequences (special preferences, etc.) could and would be overcome by so-called objective product qualities. Rather, it shows above that culture is something that is demanded and also very much created the market. In the following we will therefore argue that culture is not such a market external factor, but something that is reflexive. This means that culture is not something that can be taken for granted as if it had an unchanging essence Critical assessment XXXXXXX Contingency Theory: from Product and Promotion adaption in Export Ventures XXXXXXX The term globalization is the last decade become one of the most used and abused buzzword. Just within the marketing area is the concept of globalization somewhat more advanced in years, since it was used by a discipline of great old masters in a seminal article as long as 20 years ago. We refer of course to Theodore Levits article in Harvard Business Review in 1983, The Globalization of Markets XXXXX Levitt, Theodore (1983), The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review (May-June), 92-102. XXXXX This has since been one of the most controversial marketing hypotheses. Most of the discussion has gone on the accuracy of the Levite central idea, namely that the most successful, future business strategy will be the completely standardized, which takes no account of what is regarded as superficial differences between world markets. XXXXX Bauman, Zygmunt (1999), Culture as Praxis, 2nd edition, London: Sage XXXXX Levite argument is the idea that companies can gain competitive advantage by exploiting economies of scale XXXXX Levitt, Theodore (1983), The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review (May-June), 92-102. pp 92]. XXXXX On the one hand it is true that globalization leads to new market conditions, where such is impossible for companies to sit international market development ignored, though they only operate domestically. On the other hand, it has demonstrated how local companies can push their global competitors precisely by emphasizing their local roots. The fact that the local should be a quality in itself, completely overlooked by Levitt XXXXX Ger, Gà ¼liz and Russell W. Belk (1996), Id Like to Buy the World a Coke: Consumption-scapes of the Less Affluent World , Journal of Consumer Policy, 19 (3), 1-34. XXXXX The usual argument for standardization is still out on that brand names and products have a defined meaning which affects the customer when he / she meets these products or brands. But as so aptly demonstrated, is even Coca-Cola (king of global brands) importance universe subject to local interpretations. And even Coca-Colas management has said it is a multi-local rather than a global product XXXXXAskegaard, Soren Fabian Csaba (2001), The Good, the Bad and the Jolly: Taste, Image and Symbolic Resistance To The Coca-Colonization of New Zealand , S. Brown A. Patterson, eds, Imagining Marketing, London: Routledge, 124-140 .. XXXXX also express statement that Coca-Cola is welcomed by alle XXXXX Levitt, Theodore (1983), The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review (May-June), 92-102. pp 93, a XXXXX oversight of the global on Coca-Cola are both preference for and resistance to brand as expressed through the concept of Coca-Colonization which conceals the fact that the American / western lifestyle brand represents, not welcomed by everyone. Neither or Stadardisation and adaption à ¤r tvà ¥ Extremes in marketing. I sin article Kelloggs Internationalisation versus globaliseringen of the marketing mix (2001) Claudio Vignali cites Terpstra, V. and Sarathy, R. (1994) for writing att nà ¤r adopting a helt localized marketing strategy only coincidental ligheder EXIST. Completely standardised marketing is identical in all markets. Neither extreme in Usually used. I wish to give some examples of how various multinational companies engaged in or have used the global market. The examples are taken from international journals, and gives each of them an insight into situations that underpins kompleksitetetn in a global markedsfà ¦rinbgs maneuver. First beskrivesd viorksomheder and products briefly, then Objectives, Strategies, and challenges etableret and encounters and Endelig the responses, resultater, og er rekommendationer Collected. The two cases chosen are, respectively, McDonalds and IKEA. These cases are particularly interesting b ecause it has two large viorksomheder whose basic concept is tight concept management and standardizing for obtaining econmicies of scale in both marketing, sales and production. These descriptions provide examples of how, despite that we have a standardization strategy must adapt to local markets because of culture. Foreign Markets: An Integrated Approach Research shows that standardization of marketing solutions determines the use of the same marketing mix in throughout the global marketplace, but standardization is often not used to companies due to differences in language, culture, consumer preferences, laws and regulations, marketing infrastructure and competition structure in various countries. Complete adaptation of marketing solutions are not suitable because in this case, companies can not use the advantages of scale economics, marketing knowledge and information acquired in other markets. But adaptation helps companies to evaluate and effectively use cultural differences foreign markets and different products, their properties and potential use. Recent research shows that changes in the global market affected by globalization has changed also solutions of international marketing: looking for a successful international performance companies do not have to choose one end, and companies that can combine multiple options to meet consumer needs in the global market and to pursue their goals more effectively. The purpose of the global m arketing strategy is to find an optimal combination of integration and rationalization of operations and settlement systems in a global market. Standardization in International Retailing: Transferring Storebrand Image Salmon and Tordjman (1989) introduced one of the most recognized classifications of international sales strategies. This classification can be viewed in terms of global / multinational strategies and the implications for standardization or adaptation of marketing activities and the seat of decision making for the international distributor. The authors define a global strategy that faithful replication of a notion abroad, which corresponds to a formula already established in the country. According to the authors, a company that has decided to choose this strategy is a homogeneous consumer audience with similar lifestyles and expectations. These companies were seen as McDonalds and IKEA. The means to achieve such a strategy is to use a standardized marketing lists. This implies that companies use a standardized or similar retail mix in each of the foreign markets they have entered. Specific product range and stor e format, services, marketing and advertising strategies, pricing policies and store layout is more or less standardized, in whatever country they operate. But as the authors note, are global retailers over the two controversies. The first is the need to adapt to local markets and thus satisfy consumer expectations, and the second is to utilize their corporate resources in order to benefit from the economies of scale derived from a standardization strategy. The authors state that the original concept or the uniqueness and distinctiveness of a product, combined with business acumen, is the competitive advantage for global retailers succeed. Besides this, these products have a long life, thus reducing the risk associated with them as fashion items. McDonalds is the world, aos largest fast-food restaurant chain. It has more than 30,000 restaurants in over 100 countries. McDonalds Corporation is the worlds largest seller of hamburgers and other fast foods. Although largely an American operation, and one of the best known American symbols, most of income from activities outside the USA. In its 2000 annual report XXXXXXXX, states that 62 percent of their annual revenue is allocated to operations outside America. This provides an interesting situation for a company that has built his empire out from doing all the food produced the same. Hamburg They have exactly the same size, the same amount of pickles are put on each bun, and milkshakes are measured with extreme precision. McDonalds business model is basically the same regardless of which country it goes to, but there are local differences, the company may face. The case of McDonalds ice dircribed pà ¥ article McDonalds: Think global, act local the marketing mix (Vignali XXXXXXXX. McDonalds expand globally mens Adjusting sina local communities. McDonalds er standadised in large scale, men de har allso adapted to the local Markets fordi of Religious Laws, Costume eller kultur. In Israel two mà ¸der Kosher Tradition Big Macs gà ¥r utan cheeseburger served two separate Meat and Diary products. In India de har serve Vegetablke McNuggets Mutton-based Maharaja Mac (Big Mac) as Hindus do not eat meat. Muslims Do Not eat pork and McDonalds ice rewarded med halal certificate att sometimes advocates total Absence of pork pà ¥ muxlim lande. In its 2000 annual report is based on three elements: A) Adding restaurants, B) Improve revenue and profit existing restaurants, and C) to improve international profitabi lity in a culturally sensitive way. This implies that a McDonalds opening in a foreign country does more than just change its menus. It adapts its operating manual for the convenience of the local franchisee. Quote from report: Maximizing sales and profits at existing restaurants will be done through better management, reinvestment, product development and refinement of effective marketing and lower development and operating costs. Improved international profitability will be realized as economies of scale are achieved in different markets, and since it is covered by the global infrastructure. .. Another case of a largely standadised company is IKEA. I artiklen A standardized approach to the world? IKEA in China,( Johannson, U. and Thelander, A., 2009), giver forfatterne et indblik i de udfordringer IKEA har haft med global markedsfà ¸ring i en casebeskrivelse af deres introduktion og markedsfà ¸ring i Kina. IKEA har med stor succes standardiseret al markedsfà ¸ring og roll out i store dele af verden, men Kina blev en speciel udfordring, hvor standadiseringskonceptet ikke var gangbar pga. markedets, isà ¦r, kulturelle forskelle. IKEA expanded to China in 1998. The main target group are women, because they were considered those who make decisions at home. IKEA believes its core customer to be around 30 years old. This target group are the generation born under the one child policy and they are believed to be impulsive, easy to influence, very social and committed to leading international consumer brands. In most countries image of IKEA is a company with low prices. In China the opposite is true. The main strategy has been to reduce prices and make the IKEA in China for the low cost concept (roughly) as known ra worldwide. IKEA stores in China is closer to town than stores in other parts of the world where they are usually located well outside city centers. In China, consumers have less access to cars and butikkernw have to be public transport routes. Nevertheless, IKEA built 700 parking spaces under a shop in Shanghai in anticipation of that shopping patterns will change. In China there is not a DIY culture Chinas consumers are using the store as social venues. For them it is a pleasant environment and a completely removed from other furnishings stores in China where you do not have permission to feel and touch the product. People in Shanghai shop may still be seen apparently sleeping in beds and on sofas and read a book with their feet on the tables. Rather than address the issue, IKEA staff hopes that these same people will later return as customers. While IKEA is often seen as a model for standardization among retailers, it is clear that it has had to make significant adjustments in China. Offers an attractive and unusual product was never alone will be enough. IKEA claims that the worst is now getting established in China, and that experience will stand it in good Instead, as it expands into other culturally-different markets. IKEA will argue that it has adapted, while remaining true to its business concept. But its experience also shows that there are limits to how far a company can go with standardization, and how far along this road consumers are willing to be taken. XXXXXStandardization / Adaptation of Marketing Solutions in Companies Operating in Foreign Markets: An Integrated ApproachXXXXXX Research shows that standardization of marketing solutions is crucial for applying the same marketing mix throughout the global marketplace, but standardization is often no use to companies because of differences in language, culture, consumer preferences, laws and regulations, marketing infrastructure and competition structure in different countries. Complete adaptation of marketing solutions is also not useful because in that case, firms can not use the benefits of scale economics, marketing knowledge and information acquired in other markets. But adaptation helps companies to evaluate and effectively use cultural differences foreign markets as well as separate products, their properties and potential use. Recent research shows that changes in the global market affected by globalization has changed also solutions of international marketing: looking for a successful international performance companies need not select one end, and companies that can combine multiple options to meet consumer needs for global market and pursue its goals more effectively. The objectives of the global marketing strategy is to find an optimal combination of integration and rationalization of operations and settlement systems in a global market. Standardization versus adaptation of international marketing strategy: an integrative assessment of the research empirisk To overcome the above polarization, a third group of researchers offer a contingency perspective on the standardization / adaptation debate. In their view: (a) standardization or adaptation should not be viewed in isolation from each other, but as two ends of the same continuum, where the degree of corporate marketing strategy standardization / adaptation can vary between them (b) the decision to standardize or adapt marketing strategy is tailored to the specific situation and this should be the result of a thorough analysis and assessment of relevant contingency factors prevailing in a particular market at a given time and (c) the appropriateness of the chosen level of strategy standardization / adaptation shall be assessed on the basis of its impact on company performance in international markets (Quelch Hoff, 1986; Onkvisit Shaw, 1987, Jain, 1989; Cavusgil Zou, 1994) . Therefore, the challenge for the international firm is to determine what specific elements of the strategy is possible or desirable to standardize or adapt the conditions under which and to what extent. Konklusion og videre là ¦sning Konklutionen I To what extent should a consumei goods multinational corporation vary its marketing from country to countryl Konklusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Should marketers attempt to standardize their products and marketing communications so as to minimize the costs of doing business internationally? Or should they adapt their products and messages depending on the market in which they wish to operate? XXXXXInternational markedskommunikation XXXXXStandardization/Adaptation of Marketing Solutions in Companies Operating in Foreign Markets: An Integrated ApproachXXXXXX I denne artikel har vi prà ¸vet at efterkomme opfordringen til at komme ud over at  »pjaske rundt pà ¥ overfladen af sà ¸en «, nà ¥r det drejer sig om at studere relationen mellem marketing og kultur [11].Inden for marketing er indstillingen til kultur, mà ¥ske ikke overraskende, dybt forankret i den vestlige modernismes tendens til at  »Ãƒ ¦ndre forskel til essens « [20: 80]. Imidlertid minder  »skaberne « (etnoskaber, teknoskaber osv.) os om, at kultur praktiseres og konstitueres ud fra praksis [1]; [12]; [20: 81]. Endvidere bliver vi mindet om marketings rolle som et globalt system, der frembringer forskellige identitetsrum: livsstil, kultur, subkultur, etnicitet, hybridisering, kreolisering osv. I lyset af dette bliver markedsfà ¸rte varer til materielle manifestationer af ideen om kultur, af  »det kulturelle ideoskab «, som vist ved eksemplet med belizisk madkultur [36]. Dette bà ¸r ikke lede os til at forveksle và ¦sentliggà ¸relse med và ¦sen. Det er ikke, fordi mange forbrugere enten sà ¸ger efter eller har en opfattelse af deres egen faste kulturelle identitet, at vi som forskere kan konkludere, at en sà ¥dan eksisterer, og markedsanalytikere har hidtil và ¦ret tilbà ¸jelige til at ignorere de indviklede forhold, der gà ¦lder inden for kulturelle udviklingsprocesser.  »Sà ¥ là ¦nge kulturel mangfoldighed bliver forstà ¥et som en mangfoldighed af kulturer, kan kulturstuderende kun se tvà ¦rkulturel kommunikation og tvà ¦rkulturel sammenligning som et af deres centrale problemer « [6: xlv] . For et marketing- og forbrugerforskningsmiljà ¸, der interesserer sig for den kulturelle dimension i international marketing, betyder dette, at komparativ analyse ikke là ¦ngere er det mest indlysende mà ¥l for forskningsaktiviteter, men snarere et udgangspunkt. Kultur, snarere end en forklarende struktur af và ¦sentlige trà ¦k, bliver et paradigme, pà ¥ basis af hvilket marketingpraktikeres og forbrugeres praksis og tilgang fà ¥r betydning for forskerne. Kultur er ikke et studieobjekt, men et nà ¸dvendigt perspektiv for at fà ¥ indsigt i det menneskelige samfunds struktur og forandringsprocesser. Referencer