Questions On Senior Year Of Highschool - 938 Words

Senior year of highschool is time to decide where you will continue your education career, but it is also the last chance for you to fix your writing and study skills. When your annoying English teacher gives you an assignment that looks daunting because the page count and the list of sources we have to use. Not only was this assignment given in the last semester of my high school career, but it was a necessary because I learned key things about writing a paper. The things I learned is what can help me succeed in my college and future careers. Right after spring break the mindset of the senior class was to get out high school. When the excellent but cruel Ms. Angelos assigns the hardest assignment of the year. She assigns the medieval literature final paper. The concept of the miserable assignment was for me to write an extensive paper with three sources of medieval literature. The first thought that came into my mine was â€Å"This teacher really wants us to fail, and not graduate †. The only part of this experience that was easy was that she gave us list of sources we can use. I choose books that looked familiar or I had read before. The books that I choose were Beowulf, King Arthur and The Round Table, and Canterbury Tales. Then reading those books and trying to find similarities among the great heroes was the most tedious part. Finally completing the reading, the writing process of writing this paper began. The challenge of this paper was trying to exceed the minimumShow MoreRelatedMy Life I Have Taken The Advice Of Those Around Me853 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout my life I have taken the advice of those around me especially my mother. Throughout the years of high school felt confused on what I wanted. Now it seems trivial to me to worry about which class I want when there was no real choice. In my sophomore and junior years of highschool I joined marching band and got the chance to see and feel and what it was like to truly perform and play mus ic as part of a group. Often times however it was difficult for me to really enjoy any aspect of. ItRead MoreSenior Year, By Sarah Butrymowicz And Scott Elliot897 Words   |  4 Pages The senior year, a year that has many faces. With only one year of school a student can possibly learn so much, but is this statement still true when it is senior year? Senior year is infamous for being the lazy year, and often many students have fallen prey to senioritis or a lack of motivation. As a senior myself, the thought about if senior year is necessary has been on my mind. In their article â€Å"Skip senior year and go straight to college?† From the Hechinger Report, Sarah Butrymowicz andRead MoreGraduation Speech - Original Writing994 Words   |  4 Pagesfreshman year. She walked into the school feeling more nervous and frightened than she had ever felt previously in all nine years of attending school. Quaking in her shoes, she roamed the halls, frantically searching for the right classroom, fearing a possible encounter with a senior who would more than likely karate chop her to the ground before she even had a chance to run. Every year that she could remember there was a new friend whom she had latched onto in an attempt to survive the year. Yet freshmanRead MoreAnalysis Of Obasan By Joy Kogawa711 Words   |  3 Pagesbook also subtly explores a number of connected ideas. One such idea is found in chapter thirty-three, which takes place in 1954, three years after the family moves out of the hut. The chapter centers around the changing live s of the characters, who have come together: Aunt Emily is almost forty years old, Naomi is a senior in highschool, and Steven has spent two years studying at the Royal Conservatory of Music and touring Europe. Using this post-war period in which things have, in the simplest senseRead MoreRay Bradbury s Writing Is Loved By Many, And Read By Students And Teachers Across The Globe1426 Words   |  6 Pagesmagazines and reading them throughout his developmental years† (Aggelis, Steven L. Introduction). Not only did his father inspire him to read and write but, he also provided him with novels to read and took him to plays and musicals. When his father was not around Bradbury would be able to walk to the next house over and visit his aunt who would talk with him about books as though they were in a book club together. During his highschool years bradbury did not do much in school but what he did afterRead MoreDrug Addiction in the Philippines833 Words   |  4 Pagespeople are u sing Drugs * Reasons why people can’t stop using drugs IV-V. Facts and Topic Concept * Impact on demand (2000-2012) * Facts about using drugs VI. Survey content and data VII. Survey Questions and answers VIII. Analization of survey questions and data results IX. Conclusion and Reccomendation X. Acknowledgement Introduction * What are the causes of drugs Using Drugs is not healthy for anyone of us. I’m not speaking of theRead MoreWhat Did Cedric s High School Fail Help Provide Him With An Excellent Education?1241 Words   |  5 PagesTo what extent did cedric’s high school fail to provide him with an excellent education? How did cedric’s experiences in highschool affect how he approached his college education and how he performed in college? Defend your argument referencing specific events from the book a hope in the unseen. In his junior year, Cedric is admitted to the Minority Introduction to Engineering and Science summer program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He believes this is the start of a new life forRead MorePhysical Education Is Not Always Simple And Requires Instruction972 Words   |  4 Pagesmy heart is Physical Education. Physical education is not always simple and requires instruction. In sports there are coaches like in basketball who teach specific skills each day they coach. They need an environment that allows a student to ask questions without being ridiculed. I am studying to become a basketball coach because I was inspired by my own basketball coach (name removed to protect privacy). He is a great Christian and an exceptional mentor. He showed me that I needed confidence in myselfRead MoreWhy Is It So Difficult For People?1310 Words   |  6 Pagesvery different from home, and how that effected their lives. The transition process cannot be easy, yet so many people do it, so it must be worth it in the end. Migration Context: The United States receives immigrants from across the world every year. People are always looking for the new experiences and better experiences that the United States offers. While many migrants come from other countries, the United States receives migrants from territories of the U.S. too. While these individuals areRead MoreAnalysis Of Dwelling In Possibilities By Mark Edmundson887 Words   |  4 Pagesmillennials. After observing a few of his classes Edmundson has interpreted that the new technology of the time has made student better equipped and even eager to learn, however after seeing student on YouTube and Email accounts Edmundson begins to question If his initial thoughts were true, he then begins on his complex trail of thought, taking the reader with him. To begin his essay Edmundson takes a comparison to his summer life to that of a college students, and contrasts the two. Amazed with difference

The purpose of the annual review is to reflect Free Essays

The purpose of the annual review is to reflect on the past year’s endeavors, as well as to discuss and set attainable, mutually beneficial goals for the future. It should be viewed as a vehicle to share ideas and insights based on your work in the firm this past year. In your review please address the following: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The purpose of the annual review is to reflect or any similar topic only for you Order Now Project Contributions: Design, Management, Client Relations, Technical, Teamwork and Profitability. I had been requested to work on a project in New Jersey, which required the renovation of the Korea Telecom office building. However, we could not accept their request due to our firm’s workload at that time. I have been making efforts at being a reliable team member by contributing my skills and knowledge in Auto CAD and other 3d program techniques to the current project and developing rapport among the team members. 2. Firm-wide Contributions: Leadership within firm, promoting firm to others, and business development. I have promoted the firm to potential international project partners and clients by giving out the firm’s brochures and my business cards to well-known and distinguished architectural firms in Korea. 3. Growth: State how these contributions demonstrate growth from previous years’ performance. Even though I’ve had architecture practical experience for over 6 years in Korea, I started all over again in this firm in New York after finishing Graduate School last May 2006. 4. Improvements: How might improvements have been made – either in your performance or by the firm? When I first started working for the firm, I was confused with architectural unit and architectural drawings in terms of architectural drawing standard differentiations, which are different from the methods I was used to back in Korea. However, I got rid of those difficulties by understanding practical knowledge and learning U. S. standard architectural drawing. Now, I’m working on a construction document for the Chapin school project team. 5. Goals: State your goals for next year. I definitely would like to become a more reliable and dynamic member of the architecture staff for this firm by improving my skills in practical drawing and creative drawing. I also hope to contribute to the success of this firm in becoming an internationally well-known design firm through my efforts in procuring international projects and/or partnership. How to cite The purpose of the annual review is to reflect, Papers

Slovakia Economic Analysis Essay Example For Students

Slovakia Economic Analysis Essay Country: Slovak Republic Formation of the Slovak RepublicThe Slovak Republic, or Slovakia, is located in Eastern Europe with a population of 5.4 million people and borders the countries of Poland, Austria, the Ukraine, and the Czech Republic (The World Bank). As originally part of the former nation of Czechoslovakia, the Slovak Republic has only recently begun to write its own history (Abizadeh, p. 171). During 1989 many revolts took place against eastern European governments under communism, including Czechoslovakia (Slovakia.Org, 20th Century). Both Slovaks and Czechs staged massive protests against communism in Czechoslovakia and ended the communist regime in November 1989 (Slovakia.Org, 20th Century). Under the new non-communist system of government, the two republics of Czechoslovakia were established: the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). In June 1990, with the federal and republic-level governments in place, free elections were held for t he first time in the country since 1946 (Slovakia.Org, 20th Century). The main concern of the new government was the transformation of Czechoslovakia from a state-controlled to a free market economy (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). Disputes arose between the two republics about reform process which focused on privatization, the encouragement of foreign investment, policy of macro-economic stabilization, price liberalization, and liberalization of foreign trade (Slovakia.Org, 20th Century). The Czech Republic was more economically developed than the industrial-based economy of Slovakia (Slovakia.Org, 20th Century). The transition to a market economy left the Slovak Republic to endure greater economic hardships than the Czech Republic (Sovakia.Org, 20th Century). For example, the federal government chose to dramatically cut the countrys defense industry, resulting in a large decrease in industrial production and a large rise in unemployment in Slovakia (Slovakia.Org, Slovak Economy). This took place because the economy that rose out of the communist era in Slovakia was based on industrial production, particularly on weapons and military equipment (Slovakia.Org, Slovak Economy). There was a great difference of opinions between the Slovaks and Czechs about the nature and pace of economic reform in Czechoslovakia (Slovakia.Org, 20th Century). The disagreements delayed the reform process and also the acceptance of a new constitution (Slovakia.Org, 20th Century). It became obvious that the current form of government could meet the demands of both republics. As a result, Slovakia declared its sovereignty in July 1992, in other words, its laws took higher priority than those of the federal government (Slovakia.Org, 20th Century). During November the federal parliament chose to officially break up the country, and on January 1 1993, the Slovak and Czech Republic replaced the Czechoslovakia as two independent countries (Abizadeh, p. 171). Recent Growth levels of the Slo vak EconomyThe economic problems that began in the early 1990s still plagued Slovakia after it claimed independence in 1993 (Abizadeh, p. 172). After its first year of independence Slovakias economy was in poor shape with a negative GDP growth of 3.7%, and inflation rate of 25.1%, and an increasing unemployment rate of 14.4% (National Bank of Slovakia). Overall, gross domestic product in Slovak Republic decreased a substantial 23.7% during the years 1990 to 1993. Through a slow reform process, however, positive macro-economic results have been accomplished over the recent years (Slovakia.Org, Slovak Economy). GDP growth has been positive since 1993 and recorded an annual growth of 4.4% in 1998 (The World Bank). Slovakias 1998 GDP per capita of 3,832 USD was very competitive with other central European countries (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). The budget deficit has been brought under control, and at the beginning of 1999, the inflation rate of 5.6% was the lowest among all transit ion economies (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). The decline in the inflation rate was due to developments in the capital markets and the banking sector, a decrease in food prices, price deregulation, and lower producer prices (Abizadeh, p. 172). Unemployment, on the other hand, is still a major problem in the Slovak republic. Since the end of the communist regime the rate of unemployment has been 10% or higher with no signs of improvement (Slovakia.Org, Slovak Economy). Unemployment is related to the consistent regional disparities and the inevitable restructuring of large companies (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). The most important part for Slovakia to convert to a market economy is to continue privatization of state-owned businesses and capital formation within the country (Abizadeh, p. 171). Although the privatization of small firms is complete, this sector still faces challenges such as government policy that favors large enterprises, obtaining financing at affordable interest rates, and an increase in corruption and organized crime (Tradeport). The privatization of large enterprises has also begun. Two major banks have been recently declared available for privatization (Tradeport). A government policy has also been approved that will allow the privatization of up to 25% of Slovak telecommunication (Tradeport). The governments efforts toward privatization have been limited by the amount of capital available in the Slovak economy (Tradeport). Unlike the past, the government is now encouraging foreign investors to participate in the privatization process to provide the needed capital (Abizadeh, p. 178). However, foreign investors seem to have a wait and see view involving changes in government policy that could open or close doors to industry growth and the return on investments (Tradeport). Essays on Generoso Pharmaceutical and Chemicals Inc. EssayForeign TradeInternational trade is an important and essential part of Slovak economic growth (Abizadeh, p. 173). The total volume of foreign trade in Slovakia increased by 16% in 1998. Economic growth in the future will depend on the countrys export performance (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). Slovakias primary exports include consumer goods, machine and machine equipment, industrial products, chemicals, raw materials, natural fuel, and foodstuffs (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). Exports increased by almost 16% in 1998 (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). Leading imports in Slovakia increased by 16.4% in 1998, which included machine and machine equipment, natural fuels, consumer goods, chemicals, industrial products, foodstuffs, and raw material (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). Foreign trade with European Union countries increased 35.4% in 1998 as compared to 1997 (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). The European Union is the Slovak Republics main trading partner, which accounted for 52.9% of foreign trade in 1998 (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). An Association Agreement was made between the European Union and the Slovak Republic in 1993 which has had substantial implications for foreign investment and trade in Slovakia (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). The Slovak Republic applied to the European Union in 1995 (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). Accession to the European Union is now the main economic and political objective of the Slovak Republic (Slovak Web). Slovakia and the World Trade OrganizationThe former Czechoslovakia became part of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1947 (World Trade Organization). After its independence, the Slovak Republic became a member of the World Trade Organization on January 1, 1995 when the GATT was replaced by the WTO as a permanent international organization (World Trade Organization). One of the main principles of Slovakias foreign trade policy is to continue the liberalization of exports and imports (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). This principle is best applied by using market mechanisms to promote exports while protecting domestic producers and consumers (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). The WTO provides the framework for Slovakia to apply the use of market mechanisms to promote free and fair trade among domestic and foreign companies, all in conformity within international law (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). Unlike the GATT, the WTO deals with tangible as well as intangible goods. Thi s is important to the Slovak Republic because of the increase in services during recent years. ReferencesAbizadeh, Sohrab. The Return of Mitteleuropa. Commack, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 1998. Embassy of the Slovak Republic, Business and Economy, Washington, D.C., December 1999. (Located in the World Wide Web at http://slovakemb.com). National Bank of Slovakia, Selected Macro-economic Indicators, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. (Located in the World Wide Web at http://www.nbs.sk). Slovakia.Org, Slovak Economy. (Located in the World Wide Web at http://www.slovakia.org). Slovakia.Org, 20th Century. (Located in the World Wide Web at http://www.slovakia.org). SlovakWeb, The Slovak Republic and Its Economic Development, 1999, (Located in the World Wide Web at http://www.slovakweb.com). The World Bank Group, Slovak Republic at a Glance. (Located in the World Wide Web at http://www.worldbank.org). Tradeport, Slovakia Economic Trends and Outlook, September 1999. (Located in the World Wide Web at http://www.tradeport.com). World Trade Organization, About the WTO, Geneva, Switzerland, March 2000. (Located in the World Wide Web at http://www.wo.org). Economics Essays

Wireless Video Applications an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

Wireless Video Applications The paper Wireless Video Applications in 3G and Beyond provides thorough examination and evaluation of wireless video applications which are expected to go to the technology market in 3G mobile networks. The paper addresses mainly error control technologies in view of wireless video. Several related 3GPP standards are introduced for readers in order to provide better understanding of wireless technologies. Actually, the authors pay attention to circuit-switch multimedia telephony, multimedia messaging services, multimedia broadcast service and, finally, end-to-end packet-switched streaming. It is necessary to admit that those technologies are discussed in terms of their supporting technologies. Need essay sample on "Wireless Video Applications" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The main reason of discussing 3G technologies is that those standard descriptions give unbiased technical depth about the applications. When highlighting wireless video, the authors discuss future directions of error control technologies stating that layer 1/2 transport aims at providing two main conditions: burst errors during fading period and quasi error free. Therefore, it is suggested that error control technologies are limited in upper levels. It is required to focus more on extraordinary adaptability of error control in order to improve performance and reliability of 3G technologies. The authors identify rate control as essential technology that provides extraordinary adaptability to varying bandwidth. The authors recommend developing signaling link layer information to the upper layers. It would ensure progressive download applications. Nevertheless, one of the challenges of 3G technology is low levels of predicting how and when a new killer application will emerge. Main Points: 3G technologies include general packet radio service, enhanced data global system for mobile communications environment, high speed downlink packet access, universal mobile telecommunications system; 3GPP is viewed as mixture of wireless narrowband integrated services digital network; 3G is discussed in terms of circuit-switch multimedia telephony, multimedia messaging services, multimedia broadcast service and end-to-end packet-switched streaming; 3G technologies include all necessary protocols and meet standards; 3G will be characterized by large bandwidth, delay variations, two error states, error control adaptability, etc. Strengths and Weaknesses: The paper is a well-organized and coherent study of the subject. The author is very persuasive in defending the position that 3G technologies provide more benefits for consumers. One more strong point of the article is abundant data and example to provide better understanding of 3G technologies, especially wireless video applications. Actually, the paper addresses not only theoretical, but also practical implications of the arguments. Relevant conclusion summing up main points is apparent strength of the article. The paper is highly theoretical aiming at expanding existing knowledge of wireless technologies. Nevertheless, the paper is rather complicated for reading and it would be better to illustrate benefits of 3G by comparing it with other currently used wireless systems. Nevertheless, little is told about the drawbacks of 3G and wireless video applications. It seems that the author tries to conceal apparent disadvantages paying most attention to history of development and other related issues. References Etoh, M. & Yoshimura, T. (2005, August).Wireless Video Applications in 3G and Beyond. IEEE Wireless Communications, 66-73.

Herbal Medicine Essays

Herbal Medicine Essays Herbal Medicine Essay Herbal Medicine Essay â€Å"Herbal medicine: giving patients an unknown dose of an ill-defined drug, of unknown effectiveness and unknown safety. † - David Colquhon Herbal supplements are non-pharmaceutical non-food substances marketed to improve health. Herbalism (herbal medicine, botanical medicine) is the use of plant-derived substances, and sometimes other environmental substances, to treat or cure medical conditions. Herbalism recognizes that pre- industrial cultures had a great deal of practical medical knowledge, most of it botanical, and seeks to make use of this. Definitions are problematic. There are no unified practices, no enforceable standards for strength or purity, and relatively few guidelines for practitioners. Also, there is no clear definition of what an herbal remedy is. A large number of currently available drugs are originally plant-derived, which means herbalism is basically pharmacologys petulant, stubborn great grandmother. Many studies have been done of herbal medications. Unfortunately they often lack good documentation, quality, and suffer from not having analyzed the substance studied. Because of the lack of quality control and regulation, it is difficult to assess what the effect of many herbs is, or even what people may be taking, given the label often fails to match the content. Given these limitations, a summary of studies of some popular supplements is listed below: ?Milk Thistle seems to have proven results in reducing liver inflammation in children undergoing chemotherapy. ?Ginkgo is sold as a memory aid and a treatment for Alzheimers disease. Studies show mixed results, with a possibility of it being better than placebo  ?Saw palmetto: marketed as a treatment for benign prostate disease in men, studies show some effect greater than placebo, at least in the short term. ?St. Johns Wort: used for depression, data show short-term efficacy over placebo for mild to moderate depression. (May cause cataracts, though this has not been proven. ) ?Ginseng: many different types, insufficient data. ?Echinacea: marketed for the common cold, no good, consistent studies have been done. ?Evening primrose oil: for PMS and eczema, studies show no benefit. ?Ginger: shown in most studies to be better than placebo at preventing nausea and/or vomiting, but still outperformed by conventional anti-nausea medications. ?Garlic: insufficient data, claimed to help with colds and heart health. If nothing else, it will repel vampires, and occasionally obnoxious blind dates. Also makes your food taste good. May also increase the risk of bleeding. Garlic has been shown in recent studies to reduce the growth and proliferation of colon tumors, although the evidence is rather weak. ?Kava-Kava (or just Kava): marketed for anxiety, some improvement over placebo. Minor side effects include liver damage and death. ?Valerian root: for insomnia: does nothing. Rarely, it may actually cause insomnia. ?Cranberry juice: for prevention of Urinary Tract Infections: well demonstrated and well documented efficacy; no demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of UTIs. ?Rose Hips: Good for getting an extra dose of Vitamin C, but unproven for anything else. Many herbal remedies have significant medical effects. Labeling may not correctly describe the contents of the medication. The preparations available are not well-regulated or well-studied. As such, they are often wasteful, or even toxic. When there is a measurable effect, it is often more modest than the available conventional medicines. Many companies are doing large scale testing of botanicals to look for biologically active substances. Older remedies, and new ones, as discovered, should be subject to the same scrutiny as any other medication. There is no reason to believe that herbal remedies have any natural advantage over conventional ones. Randomized controlled trials can distinguish good medicines from bad, independent of the source.

Conjugation of Entender, Perder, and Similar Spanish Verbs

Conjugation of Entender, Perder, and Similar Spanish Verbs Entender, which usually means to understand, is a common stem-changing verb. The only change from the regular conjugation is that when the -e- of the stem is stressed it becomes -ie-. Other verbs (and common definitions) following this pattern include ascender (to climb), atender (to attend to), defender (to defend or protect), descender (to go down), and perder (to lose). Irregular forms are shown below in boldface. Translations are given as a guide and in real life may vary with context. Infinitive of Entender entender (to understand) Gerund of Entender entendiendo (understanding) Participle of Entender entendido (understood) Present Indicative of Entender yo entiendo, tà º entiendes, usted/à ©l/ella entiende, nosotros/as entendemos, vosotros/as entendà ©is, ustedes/ellos/ellas entienden (I understand, you understand, he understands, etc.) Preterite of Entender yo entendà ­, tà º entendiste, usted/à ©l/ella entendià ³, nosotros/as entendimos, vosotros/as entendisteis, ustedes/ellos/ellas entendieron (I understood, you understood, she understood, etc.) Imperfect Indicative of Entender yo entendà ­a, tà º entendà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella entendà ­a, nosotros/as entendà ­amos, vosotros/as entendà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas entendà ­a (I used to understand, you used to understand, he used to understand, etc.) Future Indicative of Entender yo entenderà ©, tà º entenders, usted/à ©l/ella entender, nosotros/as entenderemos, vosotros/as entenderà ©is, ustedes/ellos/ellas entendern (I will understand, you will understand, he will understand, etc.) Conditional of Entender yo entenderà ­a, tà º entenderà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella entenderà ­a, nosotros/as entenderà ­amos, vosotros/as entenderà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas entenderà ­an (I would understand, you would understand, she would understand, etc.) Present Subjunctive of Entender que yo entienda, que tà º entiendas, que usted/à ©l/ella entienda, que nosotros/as entendamos, que vosotros/as entendis, que ustedes/ellos/ellas entiendan (that I understand, that you understand, that she understand, etc.) Imperfect Subjunctive of Entender que yo entendiera (entendiese), que tà º entendieras (entendieses), que usted/à ©l/ella entendiera (entendiese), que nosotros/as entendià ©ramos (entendià ©semos), que vosotros/as entendierais (entendieseis), que ustedes/ellos/ellas entendieran (entendiesen) (that I understood, that you understood, that he understood, etc.) Imperative of Entender entiende (tà º), no entiendas (tà º), entienda (usted), entendamos (nosotros/as), entended (vosotros/as), no entendis (vosotros/as), entiendan (ustedes) (understand, dont understand, understand, lets understand, etc.) Compound Tenses of Entender The perfect tenses are made by using the appropriate form of haber and the past participle, entendido. The progressive tenses use estar with the gerund, entendiendo. Sample Sentences Showing Conjugation of Entender and Similar Verbs Quiero entender lo que ests diciendo porque sà © que es importante. (I want to know what youre saying because I know its important. Infinitive.) Un 19% del bosque nativo ms diverso del paà ­s se ha perdido en los à ºltimos 40 aà ±os. (Some 19 percent of the most diverse old-growth forest in the country has been lost in the past 40 years. Present perfect.) Defiendo los derechos de los animales. (I defend the rights of animals. Present indicative.) El terreno sobre el cual estaban desciendo era muy à ©rido. The terrain they were descending was very dry. Past progressive.) El venezolano ascendià ³ al puesto 48 de la lista de jonroneros. (The Venezuelan climbed to No. 48 on the list of home run hitters. Preterite.) La produccià ³n continuaba creciendo mientras que los precios descendà ­an rpidamente. (Production kept on rising while prices fell rapidly. Imperfect.) Atenderà © mi cuerpo y su salud fà ­sica. (I will take care of my body and its physical health. Future.) A lo mejor lo entenderà ­a si me lo explicaras. (Maybe Id understand it if you explained it to me. Conditional.) Espero que no pierdas las ganas de cambiar las cosas. (I hope you dont lose the passion for changing things. Present subjunctive.) El evento tambià ©n sirvià ³ para educar a los atletas para que entendieran la situacià ³n. (The event also served to educate the athletes so they would understand the situation. Imperfect subjunctive.)  ¡Te pierde! (Get lost! Imperative.)

Data Model and Data Warehouse Design Architecture & XML Essay - 1

Data Model and Data Warehouse Design Architecture & XML - Essay Example be fully compliant with all the building laws and regulations, the company certifies the application and changes the status of the application to ‘Certified’. After certifying the plans, the company lodges the plans with the relevant Council for approval; the status of the application at this stage is changed to ‘Lodged’. Once the plans are approved by the Council, the status of the application becomes ‘Approved’, indicating that the building work can commence. Upon completion of the building work, the company inspects the building to ensure that the building work has strictly followed the plans. In case if the building work in not found satisfactory, the company gives instructions to the client that must be followed in order to make the building work satisfactory. The company inspects the building until the work is found satisfactory – means any building work can be inspected several number of times. Once all the building work is finaliz ed and found satisfactory by the company, the status of the application changes to ‘Closed’. A single application may cover multiple building works, and each building work may have a different type (which may be residential house, car port, shed, commercial building etc.), and a class (which may be 1A, 1B, 1C, 2, 3, 4 or 5). The Director of the company is interested to deploy a data warehouse system which can provide analytical views in form of reports, containing data, graphs, and charts, to help the top management in making effective business decisions to increase the productivity, in other words, sales of the company. The company already has a centralized database in which it maintains all the information related to its staff, customers, councils, and applications. This centralized database is a relational database which will represent the information source for the data warehouse in this

The 'What' and 'Why' of Employee Engagement Research Paper

The 'What' and 'Why' of Employee Engagement - Research Paper Example An engaged employee is aware of the business and works closely with the peers to improve the organizational performance (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010). Scope of the study The present study has been confined in order to analyze the key issues related to the topic of employee engagement as well as to explore the importance of the employee engagement. The study also looks to identify the key factors influencing the level of employee engagement (Sekaran and Bougie, 2009). Over the course, the research study conducted by Dale Carnegie and MSW research has been referred in order to find out the importance of the employee engagement in the context of the organizational performance as well as to find out the key factors influencing the employee engagement programs in an organization ((Mullins, 2010). Add to this, in order to get a more holistic view, various employee engagement programs undertaken by various major organizations round the globe has also been referred to (Buelens, Sinding, Wal dstrom, Krietner and Kinicki, 2011). Research Question What is Employee Engagement and what is the importance of employee engagement in the context of the organizational performance? Literature Review Employee engagement overview Engagement at work place has been conceptualized by Kahn as the harnessing of the organizational member or employees with respects the roles and responsibilities towards the organization (Boselie, 2010). In case of engagement, the people may actually employ and express the feelings towards the workplace cognitively, physically and also emotionally (Boxall and Purcell, 2007). Another related construct to employee engagement happens to be the notion of the flow mentioned by Csikszentmihalyi (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990). According to Csikszentmihalyia flow is the state in which there are very little distinction between the individual and the overall organizational environment (Simons, 2011). In this way employee engagement can be defined as the level of involvemen t and commitment that an employee exhibits towards the organization and the values of the organization (Bowditch and Buono, 2001). An engaged employee is always aware of the business perspective of the organization and work closely with the colleagues to improve individual, team as well as organizational performance (Redman and Wilkinson, 2006). Therefore the organization must look to nurture and develop engagement which needs a two way relationship between the employee and the employers. In this way it can be said that employee engagement is actually a barometer that shows the level of association of a person with the organization (Bhattacharya, 2009). Employee engagement is quite closely related to the existing structure of the job involvement. Job involvement can be described as the degree to which the job situation is matching the individual and his or her personal identity. Some researchers actually believed that the job involvement is a cognitive state of the psychological rec ognition. Job involvement depends upon both job satisfaction and saliency (Senscombe, 1998). The HR practitioners feel that engagement has a lot do with what the employees feel about the work. The engagement is also related to the way the employees are being treated in an organization (Alderfer, 1972). There would always be the presence of people who would not give the best effort

Networking Topography Essay Example for Free

Networking Topography Essay

Nathaniel Hawthornes The Artist of the Beautiful Essay -- Hawthorne A

Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Artist of the Beautiful "He had caught a far other butterfly than this. When the artist rose high enough to achieve the beautiful, the symbol by which he made it perceptible to mortal senses became of little value in his eyes while his spirit possessed itself in the enjoyment of the reality." -Hawthorne, "The Artist of the Beautiful". In "The Artist of the Beautiful" by Nathaniel Hawthorne, creative process is represented as the practice of creating an animated mechanism in the shape of a butterfly and imbuing it with the spirit of Owen Warland – the pursuer of beauty. Owen is confronted with the skepticisms of Robert Danforth, a blacksmith, and Peter Hovenden, a retired watch maker. Both Robert and Peter describe Owen's effort to create beauty as a futile struggle while he could be making watches that are useful and profitable. Owen's love toward Annie Hovenden, daughter of Peter Hovenden, puts Owen in a very difficult position of loving the daughter of his enemy. After witnessing two incidents of destruction of his project, receiving the despairing news of Annie's marriage to Robert, and long days and night of toil, Owen finally presents his product of a small machine as a belated-bridal gift to Annie. The story suggests that art is a personal pursuit of the artist's ideal that takes his or her imagination and intellect beyond the real world to see beauty. The artist strives to produce a materialized representation of his or her vision of beauty. This act of creativity involves effort, toil, inspiration, failure, and is accompanied by the scorn and criticism of others who do not understand, as Arthur Koestler puts, the bisociative connection the artist makes in his inspirati... ...est of the society. Owen presents his final product, an animated butterfly, as a belated bridal gift to Annie. The butterfly that Owen made is so lively that Annie, Robert, and Peter question whether it is alive. To this question, Owen responds that his work has "absorbed [his] own being into itself' and it is a "[representation] of his intellect, the imagination, the sensibility, and the soul of an Artist of the Beautiful" (350). The butterfly well might be a representation of the spirit of an artist as its beauty and light diminishes in "an atmosphere of doubt and mockery" (352). Although the cost of his toil and thought was only to be shattered again by a stroke of a baby, the destruction of his masterpiece did not disappoint him for he "rose high enough to achieve the beautiful... [and] his spirit possessed itself in the enjoyment of the reality" (354).

A Comparison of Slim, Curly and Crooks Essay

Slim Slim is the â€Å"prince of the ranch† (pg. 33) and a man held in the utmost view of respect. When we are first introduced to this character, he is described as a man whose â€Å"authority was so great that his word was taken on any subject, be it politics or love†¦ His face was ageless†¦ His ear heard more than was said to him, and his slow speech had overtones not of thought, but of understanding beyond thought.† (pg. 33) Past his optimal physical attributes, tall and built, Slim is the most caring man of the bunkhouse. He welcomes George and Lennie into the group without hesitation and even gives Lennie a pup. Along with his compassion, he has an air of dignity and understanding, as displayed during George’s recounting of the incident in Weed. His indiscrimination of Lennie as well as Crooks shows he is a fair man who does what is right, not what is best for him. Slim is one of few men who would risk his own well-being in order to save another, as he did when Lennie was under attack by Curly. In all aspects, Slim represents the connection between the proletariat and the aristocracy of America. He is somewhat of a middleman, for he could fit into either category and does not discriminate based upon status. Curly Curly, the boss’s son, is undoubtedly harboring many feeling of insignificance. His small stature and status among the guys in the ranch obviously make him feel inferior, as they would anyone. The constant worry of his wife’s fidelity as well as his insecurities about himself and his appearance haunt him throughout each day, causing him to lash out and therefore be labeled as a â€Å"punk† by the other guys in the bunkhouse. He has an advantage based upon his size though, for it makes him more able to pick  fights with bigger men than he, like Lennie. He harbors a jealousy towards Slim that is unrelenting, for he desires the kind of respect that Slim possesses. It is through these actions that Curly represents acceptance and the quest to achieve something in life. Everyone, be it George and Lennie’s dream for land of their own, or Curly’s desire to be held in respect, has a need for something that they view as something that would make their lives that much better. Crooks Crooks, the stable buck, is the outsider of the group. He lives in a separate room than the rest of the men and pretty much stays out of sight and out of mind. In addition to this social seclusion, his physical attributes add to the fact that he is not like the other ranchers. Crooks has resentment for the other men whom he associates with over a game of horseshoes, and is very cynical about the world around him. He frightens Lennie with his assumptions of abandonment, and nearly deflates George, Lennie, and Candy’s aspiration of owning the land they dream about. Because of his negativity, he represents the doubt that lies within anyone with a dream. Every thought that crosses Crook’s mind is something negative; he is calloused to the feeling of hope, having abandoned it a long time ago. There is definitely a sliver of this attribute hidden inside George at times when he doubt the validity of this fairy tale in which he lives; always dreaming of something more. Yet it i s this kind of attitude that holds people back and prevents them from pursuing their most important of dreams.

Ecotourism in Hong Kong

The image of Hong Kong is well known as â€Å"shopper’s paradise† and â€Å"Pearl of the Orient†. Further, according to the International Market Research Study, it shows that the lack of new appeals in Hong Kong is a significant reason for it not being considered as a vacation destination. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the appeals of Hong Kong. Why not use our existing natural resources as tourist attractions? To maintain the competitiveness, Hong Kong should build up its own unique and special character. Natural wonders of the territory provide a chance to show the uniqueness and international significance of Hong Kong ecology.Green tourism, outdoors, hiking and nature are some of the new and promising products most needed by consumers. Building ecotourism could attract special interest tourists. It was found that nature-based activities or scenery is one of the top attractions which the visitors to Hong Kong are interested in. These natural attractions i nclude trips to outlying islands, nature reserves (Mai Po), beaches, mountain hiking, urban nature trails and dolphin-watching. Hong Kong’s remote, unpolluted outlying islands are an attraction for tourists.Many tourists are surprised that Hong Kong has dolphins in one of the world busiest harbors. In addition, a survey completed by the HKTA found that about 15% of tourists are interested in taking part in outdoor and hiking activities in Hong Kong. Since many overseas tourists are interested in seeing wildlife and beauty natural scenic, there is a potential market for ecotourism. About 70% of Hong Kong is rural area. Nature is right on the city’s doorstep. They are mostly accessible by buses and minibuses. Hiking, swimming, scubas-diving and sailing are all possible just a short journey from urban area.A total of 24 country parks have been designated for the purposes of nature conservation, countryside recreation and outdoor education. There are  22 special areas cr eated mainly for the purpose of nature conservation. The country parks and special areas cover a total area of 44  239 hectares. The country parks comprise scenic hills, woodlands, reservoirs and coastline in all parts of Hong Kong. The country parks are very popular with all sectors of the community and spending a day in a country park is one of the best recreational choices. About 12. million visitors were recorded in 2012 and most visitors engaged in leisure walking, hiking, barbecuing and camping. Hong Kong has glory and outstanding scenic beauty, and also rich ecology. These are striking advantages for promoting ecotourism. Besides, Hong Kong is characterized by hilly topography with less low flat land areas. It consists of undeveloped and unspoiled steep hills, some 230 outlying islands and also other geographical and ecological features of high scenic and amenity value on Government lands with unrestricted public access and proximity to the urban areas.There is a wide varie ty of scenic views, landscape features and habitats including sandy beaches, rocky foreshores, mountain ranges, grasslands, valleys, shrub lands and so on. The sub-tropical climatic environment and extensive undeveloped tracts of natural landscapes provide a wide range of habitats, and supports high biodiversity of flora and fauna, both resident and migratory. There are about 500 species of birds, one-third of all species of birds in China. More than 230 species of butterflies and over 100 species of dragonflies can be found.There are more than 2600 species of vascular plants, 50 species of mammals, 80 species of reptiles and more than 20 species of amphibians in Hong Kong (AFCD 2013). A high proportion of birds in Hong Kong are winter visitors and passage migrants in spring and autumn, followed by resident birds and summer visitors. Migration is a strong instinct, and birds (particularly water birds) are often able to traverse immense natural barriers, frequently migrating and maki ng one or more stopovers en route.In Hong Kong, we can watch butterflies in all seasons due to warm climate and the presence of a variety of habitats. There are over 230 butterfly species in Hong Kong and more than 130 species have been recorded in Hong Kong Wetland Park. The Butterfly Garden in the Hong Kong Wetland Park is planted with various larval food plants and nectar plants. It is an ideal place for learning butterflies. Dragonflies and damselflies are among the most beautiful and spectacular insects in the world.Their lives are closely intertwined with wetlands. Up to April 2009, there are 115 species of dragonfly officially recorded in Hong Kong. During the Dragonfly Festival, Hong Kong Wetland Park will organize a series of activities for public to broaden their knowledge of dragonflies. These activities also aimed to promote dragonflies watching and encourage the public to engage in the conservation works of wetlands and dragonflies. Our bustling metropolis has more than 40% of its land designated as protected green areas.Apart from providing habitats for our myriad wildlife, this verdant countryside is also home to world-class rock formations and geological features. A geopark is a unique natural area with special geological significance and natural and cultural landscapes, and can serve the three objectives of conservation, education and sustained development. The Marine Parks Ordinance protects and conserves the marine environment and a rich collection of aquatic animals and plants, such as corals, sea grasses and dolphins. In Hong Kong, there are 84 species of reef-building corals.Reef-building Corals in Hong Kong with the splendid colors and graceful growth forms and they also build â€Å"homes† for a wide range of marine animals. At present, there are four marine parks and one marine reserve, including Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park, Yan Chau Tong Marine Park, Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park, Tung Ping Chau Marine Park and Cape D'Aguila r Marine Reserve. They cover a total area of 2 430 hectares and comprise scenic coastal areas, seascapes and important marine habitats. Marine parks and reserve can be managed for conservation, education, recreation and scientific studies.In marine parks, visitors are encouraged to appreciate the beauty and diversity of marine life. Diving, snorkeling, swimming, canoeing, sailing, underwater photography and school visits are popular activities in marine parks. Educational activities such as guided tours, beach clean-ups, seabed clean-ups and public lectures are regularly organized. Tourists can take part in them. To conclude, there is a great potential for the further development of ecotourism in Hong Kong since the territory is rich in ecology with outstanding natural beauty.Pure Ecotourism can include as one of the attractions in the trip to experience the green side of Hong Kong and to show the compact and variety of the territory. However, it is unsuitable to promote ecotourism without any development strategy. To ensure the ecological sustainability of nature and ecotourism, conversation should be in the first priority when developing ecotourism. For the sustainable development of ecotourism, it is important to let tourism industry, government, tourists and residents know what is the meaning of ecotourism.

Polytheism to Monotheism essays

Polytheism to Monotheism essays Throughout history, people have developed many different religions and worshiped numerous deities. During the first and second century, people began the conversion from believing in many gods to believing in just one. Due to the mass confusion of thousands of gods, the lack of unity, and the constant wars causing all people to fear death and look for divine answers, monotheism developed. The mass confusion of thousands of gods made polytheism too difficult and extremely unorganized. In "St. Augustine: Animistic spirits in Roman Religion," Saint Augustine stated "But how is it possible to mention in one part of this book all the names of gods or goddesses, which the Romans scarcely could comprise in great volumes..." In other words, Saint Augustine was saying that there was countless numbers of gods and goddesses that caused too much confusion and frustration. They believed they needed one god or goddess to trust in, to watch over many specific and various things. For example, Proserpina watched over the germinating seeds, Nodutus over the joints and knobs of the stems, the farms to goddess Rumina, and the ridges and mountains to god Jugatinus. This shows that by converting to monotheism, it makes life simpler and less complicated. Another reason why they converted to monotheism is because they needed and wanted to feel a better trust and a sense of unity. The Romans felt insecure of their religion and felt that there needed to have just one mighty god. In "Augustine Is Brought to His Faith," Saint Augustine declared "I read no further, I did not need to; for instantly, as the sentence ended-by a light of security that poured into my heart-all the gloom of doubt vanished." (Plikington 126). After Saint Augustine picked up and read the New Testament, he then knew that monotheism is better because of the trust and security that he felt. After reading the New Testament, people started to feel the sense of unity that they did not ...

How Vacancies in the US Congress are Filled

How Vacancies in the US Congress are Filled The methods for filling vacancies in the U.S. Congress vary greatly, and for good reason, between the Senate and the House of Representatives.   When a U.S. representative or senator leave Congress before the end of his or her term, are the people of their congressional district or state left without representation in Washington? Key Takeaways: Vacancies in Congress Vacancies in the U.S. Congress occur when a senator or representative dies, resigns, retires, is expelled, or is elected to another office before the end of their regular term.Most vacancies in the Senate can be filled immediately through an appointment made by the governor to the former senator’s state.Vacancies in the House can take as long as six months to fill, because representatives can only be replaced through a special election. Members of Congress; senators, and representatives, usually leave office before the end of their terms for one of five reasons: death, resignation, retirement, expulsion, and election or appointment to other government posts. Vacancies in the Senate While the U.S. Constitution does not mandate a method by which vacancies in the Senate are to be handled, vacancies can be filled almost immediately through an appointment made by the governor of the former senators state. The laws of some states require the governor to call a special election to replace U.S. senators. In states where replacements are appointed by the governor, the governor almost always appoints a member of his or her own political party. In some cases, the governor will appoint one of the states current U.S. representatives in the House to fill the vacant Senate seat, thus creating a vacancy in the House. Vacancies in Congress also occur when a member runs for and is elected to some other political office before his or her term is over. In 36 states, the governors appoint temporary replacements for vacant Senate seats. At the next regularly scheduled election, a special election is held to replace the temporary appointees, who may run for the office themselves. In the remaining 14 states, a special election is held by a specified date to fill the vacancy. Of those 14 states, 10 allow the governor the option of making an interim appointment to fill the seat until the special election is held.   Since Senate vacancies can be filled so quickly and each state has two senators, it is highly unlikely that a state would ever be without representation in the Senate. The 17th Amendment and Senate Vacancies Until ratification of the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913, vacant seats in the Senate in the same way Senators themselves were chosen - by the states, rather than by the people. As originally ratified, the Constitution specified that Senators were to be appointed by the legislatures of the states rather than elected by the people. Similarly, the original Constitution left the duty of filling vacant Senate seats solely to the state legislatures. The framers felt that granting the states the power to appoint and replace senators would make them more loyal to the federal government and increase the new Constitution’s chances of ratification. However, when repeated lengthy Senate vacancies began to delay the legislative process, the House and Senate finally agreed to send the 17th Amendment requiring the direct election of senators to the states for ratification. The Amendment also established the current method of filling Senate vacancies through special elections. Vacancies in the House Vacancies in the House of Representatives typically take far longer to fill. The Constitution requires that member of the House be replaced only by an election held in the congressional district of the former representative. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. Article I, Section 2, Clause 4 of the U.S. Constitution According to the U.S. Constitution and state law, the governor of the state calls for a special election to replace the vacant House seat. The full election cycle must be followed including political party nominating processes, primary elections and a general election, all held in the congressional district involved. The entire process often takes as long as from three to six months. While a House seat is vacant, the office of the former representative remains open, its staff operating under the supervision of the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The people of the affected congressional district do not have voting representation in the House during the vacancy period. They can, however, continue to contact former representatives interim office for assistance with a limited range of services as listed below by the Clerk of the House. Legislative Information from Vacant Offices Until a new representative is elected, the vacant congressional office cannot take or advocate positions of public policy. Constituents may choose to express opinions on legislation or issues to your elected Senators or wait until a new representative is elected. Mail received by the vacant office will be acknowledged. The staff of the vacant office can assist constituents with general information concerning the status of legislation, but cannot provide analysis of issues or render opinions. Assistance With Federal Government Agencies The staff of the vacant office will continue to assist constituents who have cases pending with the office. These constituents will receive a letter from the Clerk requesting whether the staff should continue assistance or not. Constituents who do not have pending cases but require assistance in matters relating to federal government agencies are invited to contact the nearest district office for further information and assistance.

Impact of Employee Participation on Job Satisfaction Dissertation

Impact of Employee Participation on Job Satisfaction - Dissertation Example One of the major challenges which the management of most of the organizations are facing is to develop and implement effective human resource strategies. Developing effective human resource strategies are required because they enhance the overall performance of organizations. Job satisfaction, employees participation, team empowerment are some important components of human resource strategy. Since most of the organizations are facing structural weaknesses and internal challenges, therefore, learning the determinants of job satisfaction has become very important for management. It is generally argued that employees’ participation in the organization, enhance their motivation level thereby, increasing the job satisfaction of people. The aim of this report is to evaluate whether there is a link between employees participation and job satisfaction or not and how participation may increase job satisfaction. This report is very important to understand the factors which may help the organization to increase job satisfaction to the workers. In addition to the impact of employees’ participation on job satisfaction, this report will also determine the role of the level of motivation and organizational trust of employees. Therefore, this report will be really worthwhile for the companies to learn the importance of employees’ participation at a workplace.  To achieve high individual and organization performance, companies are seeking to devise various strategies and employees’ participation in decision making is one of them. Huge literature work has been done to study the impact of employees’ participation on job satisfaction.

International Trade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Trade - Research Paper Example wing the standards required for being a part of the euro-zone (Maastricht criteria) would indirectly mean not just stability of currency, but also good economic policies and sustained growth for the region Austria or the Republic of Austria is a landlocked country with a population of about 8.5 million. It forms a trade route between eastern and western Europe and as such, its location in central Europe is quite strategic. Austrias terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500  metres (1,600  ft). As such, it is a very beautiful county and a major tourist destination. Austria has a well-developed economy with a high standard of living. Austria has achieved sustained economic growth and belongs to the richest countries in the EU (4th after Luxembourg, Ireland, and the Netherlands). After a period of low growth of only around 1.0% annually during 2001-2003, Austrias economy recovered again in 2004 and 2005 and grew 2.5% and 2.9%, respectively, driven by booming exports in response to strong world economic growth. Primarily due to higher growth in Europe, particularly Central and Eastern Europe, and continued export growth, Austrian real GDP grew 3.3% in 2006 and 3.4% in 2007. (US Dept of State, 2009) Austria, being one of the richest countries in world as well as in the EU, has a very developed banking system. The Oesterreichische Nationalbank (OeNB) is the central bank of Austria and, as such, an integral part of both the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and the Eurozone. Though the banking sector of Austria has been going through a period of steady restructuring and consolidation since 1990, this period has also seen the rise of relatively large banking groups (e.g., Erste Bank and Raiffeisen Zentralbank (RZB)). Also, smaller banks have clustered together and became increasingly tied through cross-guarantee schemes. Nevertheless, with some 900 (although mostly small) banks, â€Å"Austria retains one of

Restaurant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Restaurant - Essay Example World Famous restaurant does not do this. Believe it or not, they have a selection on their menu that is priced at $2.50 which is the Grilled Chicken Taco. Now, that is a third world pricing with a lousy quality of food and ambience but this is right the beach side of San Diego in the United States. The priciest that they have is Blackened Prime Rib Bits creamy horseradish  at $9.75. One might wonder how the restaurant can sustain itself with the price of their food or that the food may be lousy considering with the price. Surprisingly, the restaurant is modestly profitable. It is able to make money despite its low price due to continuous patronage. It never runs out of customer. So it makes money by scale. Its food is surprisingly good also at its price. Of course it is not 5 star quality but it could pass for a 3 star quality at a third world country price. Service and facility is also okay, ambiance is excellent. No wonder people line up just to get a seat in the restaurant and why it is World

The Concepts Of Supply Chain Management Business Essay

The Concepts Of Supply Chain Management Business Essay Explain what are the supply chain uncertainties and supply chain risks; explore some already established theories about the supply chain uncertainty using academic and professional journal articles. Discuss the phenomena and behaviour of the Forrester Effect as one of the models for demand uncertainty; further explore the countermeasures of Forrester Effect. Elucidate the critical importance of supplier relationship management for the supply chain competitiveness; by finding and referencing to a number of professional literatures critically review some relationship management frameworks, models and approaches; discuss how a business might decide on the most appropriate relationship portfolio and management approach. Define and explain the concept of strategic outsourcing in the context of designing and reconfiguring supply chain structures; discuss the decision process of outsourcing and influencing factors; explore what might be the difficulties and barriers in its operational implementation; and finally summarise the key benefits and potential risks. Requirement: A content page and page numbering To complete two separate reports on two chosen topics from the three above, indicating the question number. Properly structure the discussion into sections and give subtitles for each section. Use references (normally 3-5 professional journal articles for each report) to demonstrate the extended learning Each topic is recommended to be up to 2500 words in length. No lengthy case study is required, but some short (a few sentences) real world examples may be adequate. SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Table of Contents 1.0 SUPPLIER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT.2 1.1 Introduction .2 1.2 Importance of Supply Relationship Management..2 1.3 Relationship Management Framework.4 1.3.2 Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) interaction Approach..4 1.3.3 Supply Chain Frameworks.4 1.3.4 Service Supply Modelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦5 1.4 Relationship Portfolio and Management Approach6 2.0 STRATEGIC OUTSOURCING11 2.1 Outsourcing and Supply Network Design..11 2.2 Outsourcing Decision Process and Influencing Factors..11 2.2.1 Planning phase12 2.2.2 Explore the Strategic Implications phase..12 2.2.3 Tactical implications phase.12 2.2.4 Cost analysis phase..13 2.2.5 Implementation phase..13 2.3 Implementation Problems.14 2.4 Key Benefits and Potential Outsourcing Risks.15 REFERENCING..17 1.0 SUPPLIER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT 1.1 Introduction An important feature of a world class organisation is the way the organisation has been able to develop and link its suppliers with its external processes, Peter Hines, World Class Suppliers, (Pitman, 1994). Supplier relationship management can be defined as the relationship that exists between the supplier and its buyer based on long term commitments and trust with the ultimate aim to maximise the potential value of the relationship. This will include the management of different forms of supply relationships such as partnership, joint venture and vertical integration. 1.2 Importance of Supply Relationship Management The critical importance of supplier relationship types to achieve supply chain competitiveness can be viewed under the following headings: The effective use of strategic partnership Typical traditional short term relationship is characterise by irregular or one-off transactions that give rise to supply uncertainties, difficulties in choosing suppliers, and is price oriented making this type of relationship unreliable and unsupported. Organisations can move from this type of relationship towards a long term relationship known as partnership based on trust, shared goals and risks to achieve mutual benefits. Nigel Slack, Stuart Chambers and Robert Johnston, Operations Management, (Pearson, 2010), define partnership as an agreement between two firms that seek to accomplish a common objective. The Japanese, James P Womack et al, the Machine That Changed the World, (Macmillan, 1990) , used the concept of partnership and lean to gain competitive advantage because they realised their partners had the expertise, the technical knowledge and were reliable. Effective partnership with suppliers made them to compete favourably in the market because of good product quality, lo w cost and reliable delivery. Therefore, firms can use this same method to rationalise their supply base and use the lean concept to produce efficiently which will lead to reduce product lead times, reduce inventory and inventory cost. The implementation of new management tools and systems A key element of supply relationship management that gives firms competitive advantage is the implementation of the lean concept of monitoring supplier performance and continuous improvement. Monitoring performance is a post-contractual procedure in which the buyer continuously keeps an eye on the supplier by either managing the suppliers activities to make sure all commitments are met or using a measurement matrix such as key performance index (KPI) to compare supplier progress and divergence from targeted objective. The overall competitive advantage is an operation that is continuously improved in terms of quality, delivery and service. In 1989, Chrysler benching against the Japanese companies, initiated the Supplier Cost Reduction Effort (SCORE) program aimed to reduce cost, quality and monitor supplier performance; Dawei Lu et al, Supply Chain Management module notes (WMG, University of Warwick, 2011). The integration of knowledge and technology to create an all new technology Integration with supplier is all about coordination. Here, the buyer and supplier come together to align their processes thus improving communication and supply chain visibility for both parties. When firms integrate their knowledge and technology they are able to meet the needs of end customers by getting the right product at the right price and quality, giving them a competitive edge. This strategy was used by Bose Corporation 1990 that led to the extension and creation of the JIT2 concept, a logical extension of JIT that eliminates waste in the system, improves communication and reduces demand variability. Efficient consumer response (ECR) to demand variability caused by the forester effect. Firms are always seeking solutions for continuous demand variation and consumer requirements. Through effective supplier and buyer collaboration, firms will be able to achieve competitive advantage by efficiently managing their supplier relationship to meet the needs of the end consumer creating a fluid inventory flow from suppliers to the consumers reducing lead times, demand variability and uncertainty. This has led to initiatives such as Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID), a tracking technology that provides real time information and location of goods. Tesco, UKs largest grocery retailer has exploited this technology strategy and is piloting pallet-level RFID to manage its logistics; Christos Tsinopoulos and Carlos Mena, Competing Supply Chain Strategy: Tesco, Aldi and Lidl, (ECCH, 2010). Increase competition amongst firms to secure and increase domestic and international market share. Domestic and international market pressures are just other facets that have pushed firms to collaborate and develop strategic partnership with suppliers to gain competitive edge. Using this approach, firms use both local and international suppliers to broaden their sourcing base, reduce product lead time, and stream line cost through cheaper, global and local sourcing alternatives. The benefits are quick response to demand variation and high availability of variety of products at reasonable price and quality. This in turn attracts a greater amount of customers and increase market share. This is a strategy which IKEA, a Swedish international furniture company has successfully used to provide quality products at reasonable price and secure a large market share both domestically and internationally. 1.3 Relationship Management Framework 1.3.1 Introduction A relationship defines an interaction between individuals, organisations and groups; Kenneth Lysons and Michael Gillingham, Purchasing and Supply Chain Management (Prentice Hall, 2003). There are many possible supply chain relationship types because very few companies can operate on their own. These relationships can be categorized as business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumers (B2C), consumers-to-business (C2B) and customers-to-customers (C2C). B2B relationships are most common and have been used in many approaches and models such as IMP, SCOR, HP, GSCF, Service supply chain and IUE-SSE to help explain supplier-customer interaction. 1.3.2 Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) interaction Approach The IMP interaction approach is a dynamic model of supplier-customer relationship developed in the mid 1970s by a group of five European countries and universities; IMP Group.[online].(http://www.impgroup.org/about).(Accessed 06 Feb 2011). Based on investigations of about 900 business relationships, the IMP group developed a model of an interaction process at both the firm and individual levels creating a dynamic, complex and long standing relationship rather than one based on a short term stable relationship; Bensaou M (1999), Portfolios of Buyer-Supplier Relationships, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 40, 35-45. This relationship is influenced by soft factors such as power, cooperation, closeness and expectations as well as external environmental factors such as market structures, dynamism, internationalisation and position in the market. The IMP Group approach and model provide a good overview of buyer-supplier relationships and have formed the basis of other frameworks like David T. Wilson, (1995) Integrated model of Buyer-Supplier relationships, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , Vol. 23, 335-345. 1.3.3 Supply Chain Frameworks Customer-supplier relationship management models and frameworks can also be viewed within the context of the different types of supply chain models that exhibit customer-supplier relationship management. This will include a variety of supply chain models which address customer-supplier relationships such as HP, SCOR, GSCF, and IUE-SSC model. These models identify customer-supplier relationships by adopting two differing views; product and service supply chain view. Product oriented models adopt a manufacturing approach that involves the physical movement of goods under uncertainties managed to satisfy customer demands and include the HP, SCOR and GSCF models. The Hewlett Packard (HP) model was developed by the Hewlett Packard Company as a result of spiral inventory and customer dissatisfaction the company was facing with its order fulfillment process. Lee, H. and C. Billington, (1995), The Evolution of Supply-Chain Management Models and Practice at Hewlett-Packard, Business Source Premiere, Vol. 25, 42-63, used this model to demonstrate how suppliers, manufacturers and customers are linked in the flow of goods with multiple warehouses providing inventory at each stage to buffer demand. The Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model is a highly structured and broad model developed by the Supply Chain Council to measure total supply chain performance; Supply Chain Council. [Online].(http://supply-chain.org/f/SCOR%2090%20Overview%20Booklet.pdf ) (Accessed 06 Feb 2011). The SCOR model adopts a process manufacturing viewpoint and identifies supplier- customer relationships by breaking down the supply chain into links, each link made up of processes representing supplier-customer relationships. These relationships are then benchmarked using Key Performance Indicators (KPI) to assess the success within the supply chain. This model, although it improves customer satisfaction through improved supplier-customer relationships, it does not attempt to describe some elements of post delivery customer support, a critical feature of supplier-customer relationship management. The Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF) is yet another supply chain framework that adopts the process manufacturing approach and identifies supplier relationship management as one of its eight key business processes of product flow. Croxton L. Keely et al, (2001), the Supply Chain Management Processes, International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 12, 13-24, depicts this model as an end-to-end process where each process is linked and managed to interface with key customers and suppliers. This creates eight business processes among which is customer-supplier relationship management to allow the smooth flow of product within the supply chain. 1.3.4 Service Supply Models The above three models define supply chains purely from a traditional perspective of product flow. However, with the growing importance of services and service industry, Ellram et al, (2004), Understanding and Managing Service Supply Chain, The Journal of Supply Chain Management, Vol. 40, 17-32, adapted this manufacturing approach into a new line of service thinking that uses service capacity and delivery, instead of products to classify supply chains as the key processes. This service supply model captures customer-supplier relationship via an end-to-end supplier and customer process that include capacity and demand management, cash flows and service delivery management, and just like manufacturing supply chain, customer relationship management. This is a very good approach that identifies relationship management but limited in that services are intangible and this makes them difficult to visualise and measure. A follow up to the service supply chain viewpoint is the work of Baltacioglu et al (2007), A New Framework for Service Supply Chains, Service Industries Journal, Vol. 27, 105-124, who proposed the IUE-SSC model. IUE-SSC model represents the initials of the affiliated organisation of the authors and Service Supply Chain Model. This model identifies customer-supplier relationships by breaking down supply chain into three basic parts: the supplier, the service provider and the customer. Here, the service supplied by the supplier constitutes a core and supporting service and just like the service supply chain model by Ellram et al, this model identifies a number of activities that includes some customer-supplier relationship management essential to the service supply chain. Relationship types are diverse and could either be of business type such as B2B or consumer type such as C2C. In my thinking the popularity of B2B and the historical context of consumer-supplier behaviour pushed the above mentioned authors to focus exclusively on B2B relationships in explaining customer-supplier behaviours in the models they proposed. But the general shift in consumer behaviour and the impact of globalisation and information technology should trigger a move to contemporary models of consumer-supplier relationships in business-to-consumer, consumer-to-business or consumer-to-consumer. I therefore think that the modern business world would appreciate models build around E-commerce type relationships and a move from product or service approach models that explains consumer-supplier relationship management. 1.4 Relationship Portfolio and Management Approach Conventional thinking suggests that relationships tend to vary with companies and there is no fit for all purpose relationship. A logical step after organisations are able to identify the various types of relationships is to focus on the relationship portfolio they want to build with their suppliers and to effectively manage this relationship for competitiveness. A number of methods and approaches have been adopted ranging from the various types of relationships to more analytic models such as Kraljics Purchasing/supply portfolio-analysis and the power regime. Firms have adopted different approaches to tailor the different types of relationships to fit their particular products, service or markets. These relationships tend to follow a pattern from a short term traditional arms length relationship to a new form of close and long term relationship known as partnership or vertical integration; Alan Harrison and Remko van Hoek, Logistics Management and Strategy, (Pearson, 2008). Others have viewed this trend as a continuum and included additional types such as strategic alliance and joint ventures. Depending on its strategy, a firm might adopt a range of style such as develop strategic partners by rationalising its supply base and dealing only with a few suppliers, a popular approach most firms are now adopting. It might also adopt a variety of relationships style depending on the markets and the products. The Kraljics model analyses the purchasing portfolio of a firms product into high and low supply risk and supply impact on the financial results. The end result is the segregation of products as: strategic, leverage, routine and bottlenecks as shown below; High Low Fig 1: Kraljics model Leverage products Alternate source of supply available Substitution possible Competitive bidding Strategic products Critical for products cost price Dependence on supplier Performance based partnership Routine products Large product variety High logistics complexity Labour intensive System contracting E-commerce solutions Bottleneck products Monopolistic market Large entry barriers Secure supply and search for alternatives Low Supply Risk High Source: Dawei Lu et al, Supply Chain Management module notes (WMG, University of Warwick, 2011). Using this method, management can therefore spend time and develop performance based relationships such as partnership on those suppliers whose products matter most, for example, strategic products and outsource non critical or leverage products. Bensaou M (1999), Portfolios of Buyer-Supplier Relationships, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 40, pp. 35-45 adopted a similar approach based on product and market conditions to create a supplier portfolio of our different relationship profiles; captive buyer, strategic partnership, market exchange and captive supplier. Fig 2: Relationship Portfolio Source: Bensaou M (1999), Portfolios of Buyer-Supplier Relationships, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 40, pp. 35-45 To effectively manage the relationships such as the Captive buyer and Market exchange, Bensaou suggested the use of management practices such as treating each other with respect and fair profit sharing and for strategic partners to regularly exchange information or pay frequent visit creating a social climate that is trusting and collaborative. The ABC analysis method is another commonly used technique by businesses to segment supplier relationship portfolio. Wagner S. and Johnson J. L., Configuring and Managing Strategic Supplier Portfolios, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 33, 717-730 adopted this approach using a wide range of factors such as volume, suppliers performance, supplier strategic importance, price and quality to segregate suppliers into category (Cat) A, B and C. Cat A suppliers where suppliers that supplied a total 80% volume, while Cat B supplied 15% and finally Cat C, 5%. Very little time is spent on managing and developing Cat C supplier because of their limited volume. In most cases they are used by the company as a way to reduce cost by either direct sourcing or via e-procurement. On the other hand, Cat A suppliers should be considered imperative by top management and a close relationship or partnership should be developed. This relationship can be monitored through regular and annual meetings with suppliers as well as creating an award for suppliers to maintain motivation. In addition, the buyer can invest on supplier development by either assisting or sponsoring supplier to improve performance. Another approach is that by Andrew Cox et al (2004), Managing Appropriately in Power Regimes: Relationship and Performance Management in 12 Supply Chain Cases, Supply Chain Management, an International Journal, vol. 9, 357 371, that correlates the findings of relationships and performance management strategies in power regimes. In a power regime, a business can decide on the appropriate relationship and relationship management style(s) depending on their power condition, as shown on the fig 3. Therefore, in a business deal where the buyer is dominant or has an interdependence power position, it will be better to choose a relationship approach based on supplier development. Conversely, in a supplier power regime relative to supplier dominance and/or interdependence then the option is for a supply chain management approach to be adopted. A change in the power structure in this technique will lead to a change in the relationship portfolio and this will lead to improve performance outco mes especially when either parties change their behaviour. Fig 3: Power Regime 2.0 STRATEGIC OUTSOURCING A significant decision facing most businesses today and which have a long term impact on the firm is whether to produce internally (insourcing) or use an outside supplier (outsourcing); Robert Monczka, Robert Trent, and Robert Handfield, Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, (Thomson, 2005). 2.1 Outsourcing and Supply Network Design Outsourcing, sometimes referred to as make-or-buy, is a strategy by which an organisations management decides to hand over its non-core activities to a specialised third party that can efficiently provide the service; Kenneth Lysons and Michael Gillingham, Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, (Prentice Hall, 2003). Therefore, central to outsourcing is the make or buy decisions and the relationship that is formed between the purchaser and the supplier. The make or buy decision arises because organisations have come to the realisation that they cannot produce or make everything on their own and can effectively spend more time on core competence while non core competence could be outsourced. This decision to outsource or make or buy is a strategic one that will create a new supply network of suppliers and sometimes suppliers suppliers. In this new supply network, the organisation will need to adjust its operation in line with its new suppliers and, where possible, its suppliers suppliers creating a total supply network; Nigel Slack, Stuart Chambers and Robert Johnston, Operations Management, (Pearson, 2010). This strategic decision to outsource brings a whole new chapter within the organisation and will prompt a key design decision; how to configure the new network and how much of the network should be retained by the organisation. This will help management to decide on how it intends to influence and manage the overall new structure . 2.2 Outsourcing Decision Process and Influencing Factors Traditionally, the main outsourcing decision process focused on cost reduction. However, the importance of outsourcing decision to an organisation competitive position has pushed many organisations to consider a number of other factors. The decision process adopted here is one adapted from Robert Monczka, Robert Trent, and Robert Handfield, Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, (Thomson, 2005). 2.2.1 Planning phase The initial process in undertaking any outsourcing motive is to initiate a project of a cross functional team and define its scope and objectives. The team should identify activities to be outsourced and present to management for acceptance. Explore the Strategic Implications phase Strategic implications will mean aligning the outsourcing decision with three main factors: The companys long term plans and its impact on other activities and functions. This means if the activity that is being outsourced should disrupt the companys future plan or affects other functions, it is better off being insource. Furthermore, the decision should be in line with an understanding of the organisations core competence. If outsourced activity is not perceived as being core capabilities, the firm might decide to outsource. Analysis of the impact of process technological and how it compares to its competitors for competitive advantage. If analysis shows minimal competitive advantage then the organisation can decide to outsource but in cases where in house process technology provides competitive advantage, the organisation could reconsider to insource. 2.2.3 Tactical implications phase Tactical decision process will consider the following factors, and the ability to test prospective outsourcing initiative. Alternatives to outsourcing: Being tactical is crucial in outsourcing because the final decision to outsource can be very expensive for the organisation. Therefore, before making that final decision, the organisation could reconsider alternatives to outsourcing such as producing in-house, subcontracting or vertical integration. The length of contract: Outsourcing decision could mean being tied down in a long term contract which could impact on other strategic objectives. Impact of size: Also the size of the outsourcing activity can impact on the decision process as management can decide on other options if the activity to outsource is too large and can have adverse effect on core activities. Corporate culture: The impact on corporate culture is another key tactical factor that should be considered on outsourced activity to organisation. This means considering employees feelings regarding the activity to be outsourced. 2.2.4 Cost analysis phase Critical to any outsourcing decision process is its ability to be cost-effective at a quality level competitive in the marketplace. An accurate cost-effective calculation looks beyond the initial and obvious costs and is based on a marginal costing principle; a cumulative costing concept including total variable cost, total fixed cost and operating costs. Other costs will include the opportunity cost which is the potential benefits forgone if the activity being outsourced is done in house. Implementation phase The implementation process will be driven by effective service provider selection and managing post-contractual relationship. Because outsourcing usually involves a long term contract and high investment, selecting the correct service provider is imperative. The selection process will include; Market research: This involves carrying out a thorough market research to determine market price and terms of conditions, and identifying potential service providers with the right expertise, capacity and similarity in corporate culture. Develop a tender request. The tender request should provide in detail the outsourcing requirements as well as general information about the organisation including the scope and the objectives of outsourcing. This document will form a good guide to potential service providers. Conduct site visit. After tenders have been submitted, a site visit to potential service provider will aim to compare reality to what is on paper. It will be an opportunity to look at the corporate culture, its processes, the people, and how they can fit in to the outsourcing organisation. Negotiate. Negotiation will aim to find a common ground for a win-win situation. Central to this will be: quality of service and the performance level, scope for improvement and change, pricing and management style including assimilation of employees. The implementation process is not complete without any form of decision to manage post-contractual relationship which is very important to the sustainability of the whole outsourcing process. The key factor is to develop a key performance indicator (KPI) to continuously measure and monitor performance of service provider so that service quality is maintained and relationship continuously improved. In conclusion, the decision to outsource by a firm is a crucial and strategic one because it affects a greater part of the firm and it can be used as a competitive tool. Traditionally, this decision was based simply on cost and benefits but as discussed above, the decision process is now influenced by many factors and departments. Therefore, for an outsourcing decision process to be effective and efficient, a cross functional team should be selected to be part of the whole process. Implementation Problems Shawn McCray (2008). [Online].(http://www.tpi.net/pdf/papers/Top_10_Problems-with_Outsourcing.pdf).(Accessed 23 February 2011), identifies poor change management and governance as key issues in implementing outsourcing. Some of the problems related to implementation are: Post-contract processes poorly written: This occurs because both parties after signing the contract do not want to work together. The root problem being mutual misunderstanding of contract and the scope of outsourced activities resulting to services not performed and increase frustration amongst staff. Cultural clash: Cultural clash, corporate or international, can tend to produce tension, distrust and misunderstanding. This is problematic especially in a situation of offshoring where communication is limited to email or phones. This will be further compounded in difference in work ethics which if not streamlined will create added tension. Quality of service: A main reason management decides to outsource is to improve the quality of service. Where service provider is unable to achieve this, the whole outsourcing process becomes questionable and creates problems surrounding contractual performance and implementation. Lack of Coordination: Coordination and the lack of a coordinating team present an implementation problem. This is because as soon as the contract is signed, the client quickly shifts all responsibilities to the service provider who is still trying to get started and there is no team in place to coordinate activities. This wi

Diferencias Entre Investigación Cualitativa y Cuantitativa :: El método científico

El objetivo de cualquier ciencia es adquirir conocimientos y la eleccià ³n del mà ©todo adecuado que nos permita conocer la realidad es por tanto fundamental1. El problema surge al aceptar como ciertos los conocimientos errà ³neos o viceversa. Los mà ©todos inductivos y deductivos tienen objetivos diferentes y podrà ­an ser resumidos como desarrollo de la teorà ­a y anà ¡lisis de la teorà ­a respectivamente. Los mà ©todos inductivos està ¡n generalmente asociados con la investigacià ³n cualitativa mientras que el mà ©todo deductivo està ¡ asociado frecuentemente con la investigacià ³n cuantitativa. Los cientà ­ficos sociales en salud que utilizan abordajes cualitativos enfrentan en la actualidad problemas epistemolà ³gicos y metodolà ³gicos que tienen que ver con el poder y la à ©tica en la generacià ³n de datos asà ­ como con la validez externa de los mismos2. La investigacià ³n cuantitativa es aquella en la que se recogen y analizan datos cuantitativos sobre variables. La investigacià ³n cualitativa evita la cuantificacià ³n. Los investigadores cualitativos hacen registros narrativos de los fenà ³menos que son estudiados mediante tà ©cnicas como la observacià ³n participante y las entrevistas no estructuradas3. La diferencia fundamental entre ambas metodologà ­as es que la cuantitativa estudia la asociacià ³n o relacià ³n entre variables cuantificadas y la cualitativa lo hace en contextos estructurales y situacionales4. La investigacià ³n cualitativa trata de identificar la naturaleza profunda de las realidades, su sistema de relaciones, su estructura dinà ¡mica. La investigacià ³n cuantitativa trata de determinar la fuerza de asociacià ³n o correlacià ³n entre variables, la generalizacià ³n y objetivacià ³n de los resultados a travà ©s de una muestra para hacer inferencia a una poblacià ³n de la cual toda muestra p rocede. Tras el estudio de la asociacià ³n o correlacià ³n pretende, a su vez, hacer inferencia causal que explique por quà © las cosas suceden o no de una forma determinada. Las diferencias mà ¡s ostensibles entre ambas metodologà ­as se muestran en la tabla 1 5-6. Los fundamentos de la metodologà ­a cuantitativa podemos encontrarlos en el positivismo que surge en el primer tercio del siglo XIX como una reaccià ³n ante el empirismo que se dedicaba a recoger datos sin introducir los conocimientos mà ¡s allà ¡ del campo de la observacià ³n. Alguno de los cientà ­ficos de esta à ©poca dedicados a temas relacionados con las ciencias de la salud son Pasteur y Claude Bernard, siendo este à ºltimo el que propuso la experimentacià ³n en medicina1. A principios del siglo XX, surge el neopositivismo o positivismo là ³gico siendo una de las aportaciones mà ¡s importantes la induccià ³n probabilà ­stica.

Forces Leading to the War of 1812

The war of 1812, supposedly fought over neutral trading rights, was a very peculiar conflict indeed. Britain's trade restrictions, one of the main causes, were removed two days before the war started; the New Englanders, for whom the war was supposedly fought, opposed it; the most decisive battle, at New Orleans, was fought after the war ended.Before the war began, Britain and France had disrupted US shipping, confiscated American goods, taking US seamen into the British navy, and both sides had blockaded each other's ports which caused great annoyance to American traders, and Britain's abduction of American sailors especially caused great uproar and indignation at home. These forces led Americans to declare war on Britain in 1812. When the war began, it was being fought by the Americans to address their grievances toward the British.This seemed like a justifiable cause for a war, however not all of the citizens shared the same sense of unity about the political issues the war was be ing fought over. The US was quite upset about the continuing impressments of American sailors into the British Navy and the seizures of American merchant trading vessels by the British. In a committee report in 1811, congressmen address their complaints against Britain. The British defied an â€Å"incontestable right†, and they captured â€Å"every American vessel† that they could find.In response to these intolerable actions, The president of the United States wishes to declare war against Great Britain. A group of congressman known as the War Hawks desperately desired going to war. One of these â€Å"War Hawks,† John C. Calhoun, agrees with the committee’s report, by saying â€Å"these rights are essentially attacked, and war is the only means of redress. † Hugh Nelson, congressman from Virginia, believed that the war was inevitable and that it would bring the American people together. He stated, â€Å"to demonstrate to the world†¦ hat the people of these state were united, one and indivisible. † This quote demonstrates his thoughts that if the United States were to unite in a strong fashion, it would indeed â€Å"repel all foreign aggression. † President Madison’s Declaration of War coincided directly with the report and the writings of the War Hawks, in that it explained itself by stating, â€Å"We behold our seafaring citizens still the daily victims of lawless violence†¦ We behold our vessels†¦ wrested from their lawful destinations. † In the War of 1812, many groups had apprehensions to the war at hand.Some, like the War Hawks, used the plight of the New England maritime traders as an excuse to go to war. In reality though, New England was doing better off before the war, because during which it became increasingly difficult to ship goods across the Atlantic and it was impossible to trade with Great Britain. John Randolph, a Representative from Virginia, even went as far as to say that â€Å"maritime rights† had no say in influencing the war. He believed that â€Å"agrarian cupidity† was the true influence that urged the war.By that, Randolph means that men are looking to take the fertile lands of British Canada for themselves, considering that the northern mountains did them no good. When observing the votes for war in the House of Representatives, one might notice a peculiar detail. The agrarian regions of the United states, which includes the Western Frontier, The South and The Agricultural Mid-Atlantic States, have many more yes votes than no votes. Whereas in New England, and the Maritime and Commercial Mid-Atlantic States, the no votes heavily outweighed the yes ones.The Jeffersonians claim that they want war to fight for the â€Å"maritime rights† and yet the Maritime and Commercial States stand out with a majority of no votes. Not a single Federalist voted yes for the congressional vote for war, while a large majority of Demo cratic-Republicans voted yes for war. Most of these Federalists were also ironically located in New England, but most of the Democratic-Republicans were located in the South and the West. Before the War of 1812, If Americans had been able to put aside their regional selfishness and differences, a declaration of war may not have even been required in the first place.Forces such as disrupted shipping, confiscated goods, and abduction of sailors could have been negotiated over with Great Britain. The United States lacked the unity, discipline, and strength to challenge the British and ended up paying dearly for the declaration of war against them. It is evident in the representatives’ voting that New England and other Maritime regions were against the war. This may suggest that the idea for war was prompted by Democratic-Republicans like the War Hawks, whose motives may have been questionable as mentioned by Randolph.