Wireless Video Applications an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

Wireless Video Applications The paper Wireless Video Applications in 3G and Beyond provides thorough examination and evaluation of wireless video applications which are expected to go to the technology market in 3G mobile networks. The paper addresses mainly error control technologies in view of wireless video. Several related 3GPP standards are introduced for readers in order to provide better understanding of wireless technologies. Actually, the authors pay attention to circuit-switch multimedia telephony, multimedia messaging services, multimedia broadcast service and, finally, end-to-end packet-switched streaming. It is necessary to admit that those technologies are discussed in terms of their supporting technologies. Need essay sample on "Wireless Video Applications" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The main reason of discussing 3G technologies is that those standard descriptions give unbiased technical depth about the applications. When highlighting wireless video, the authors discuss future directions of error control technologies stating that layer 1/2 transport aims at providing two main conditions: burst errors during fading period and quasi error free. Therefore, it is suggested that error control technologies are limited in upper levels. It is required to focus more on extraordinary adaptability of error control in order to improve performance and reliability of 3G technologies. The authors identify rate control as essential technology that provides extraordinary adaptability to varying bandwidth. The authors recommend developing signaling link layer information to the upper layers. It would ensure progressive download applications. Nevertheless, one of the challenges of 3G technology is low levels of predicting how and when a new killer application will emerge. Main Points: 3G technologies include general packet radio service, enhanced data global system for mobile communications environment, high speed downlink packet access, universal mobile telecommunications system; 3GPP is viewed as mixture of wireless narrowband integrated services digital network; 3G is discussed in terms of circuit-switch multimedia telephony, multimedia messaging services, multimedia broadcast service and end-to-end packet-switched streaming; 3G technologies include all necessary protocols and meet standards; 3G will be characterized by large bandwidth, delay variations, two error states, error control adaptability, etc. Strengths and Weaknesses: The paper is a well-organized and coherent study of the subject. The author is very persuasive in defending the position that 3G technologies provide more benefits for consumers. One more strong point of the article is abundant data and example to provide better understanding of 3G technologies, especially wireless video applications. Actually, the paper addresses not only theoretical, but also practical implications of the arguments. Relevant conclusion summing up main points is apparent strength of the article. The paper is highly theoretical aiming at expanding existing knowledge of wireless technologies. Nevertheless, the paper is rather complicated for reading and it would be better to illustrate benefits of 3G by comparing it with other currently used wireless systems. Nevertheless, little is told about the drawbacks of 3G and wireless video applications. It seems that the author tries to conceal apparent disadvantages paying most attention to history of development and other related issues. References Etoh, M. & Yoshimura, T. (2005, August).Wireless Video Applications in 3G and Beyond. IEEE Wireless Communications, 66-73.

Herbal Medicine Essays

Herbal Medicine Essays Herbal Medicine Essay Herbal Medicine Essay â€Å"Herbal medicine: giving patients an unknown dose of an ill-defined drug, of unknown effectiveness and unknown safety. † - David Colquhon Herbal supplements are non-pharmaceutical non-food substances marketed to improve health. Herbalism (herbal medicine, botanical medicine) is the use of plant-derived substances, and sometimes other environmental substances, to treat or cure medical conditions. Herbalism recognizes that pre- industrial cultures had a great deal of practical medical knowledge, most of it botanical, and seeks to make use of this. Definitions are problematic. There are no unified practices, no enforceable standards for strength or purity, and relatively few guidelines for practitioners. Also, there is no clear definition of what an herbal remedy is. A large number of currently available drugs are originally plant-derived, which means herbalism is basically pharmacologys petulant, stubborn great grandmother. Many studies have been done of herbal medications. Unfortunately they often lack good documentation, quality, and suffer from not having analyzed the substance studied. Because of the lack of quality control and regulation, it is difficult to assess what the effect of many herbs is, or even what people may be taking, given the label often fails to match the content. Given these limitations, a summary of studies of some popular supplements is listed below: ?Milk Thistle seems to have proven results in reducing liver inflammation in children undergoing chemotherapy. ?Ginkgo is sold as a memory aid and a treatment for Alzheimers disease. Studies show mixed results, with a possibility of it being better than placebo  ?Saw palmetto: marketed as a treatment for benign prostate disease in men, studies show some effect greater than placebo, at least in the short term. ?St. Johns Wort: used for depression, data show short-term efficacy over placebo for mild to moderate depression. (May cause cataracts, though this has not been proven. ) ?Ginseng: many different types, insufficient data. ?Echinacea: marketed for the common cold, no good, consistent studies have been done. ?Evening primrose oil: for PMS and eczema, studies show no benefit. ?Ginger: shown in most studies to be better than placebo at preventing nausea and/or vomiting, but still outperformed by conventional anti-nausea medications. ?Garlic: insufficient data, claimed to help with colds and heart health. If nothing else, it will repel vampires, and occasionally obnoxious blind dates. Also makes your food taste good. May also increase the risk of bleeding. Garlic has been shown in recent studies to reduce the growth and proliferation of colon tumors, although the evidence is rather weak. ?Kava-Kava (or just Kava): marketed for anxiety, some improvement over placebo. Minor side effects include liver damage and death. ?Valerian root: for insomnia: does nothing. Rarely, it may actually cause insomnia. ?Cranberry juice: for prevention of Urinary Tract Infections: well demonstrated and well documented efficacy; no demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of UTIs. ?Rose Hips: Good for getting an extra dose of Vitamin C, but unproven for anything else. Many herbal remedies have significant medical effects. Labeling may not correctly describe the contents of the medication. The preparations available are not well-regulated or well-studied. As such, they are often wasteful, or even toxic. When there is a measurable effect, it is often more modest than the available conventional medicines. Many companies are doing large scale testing of botanicals to look for biologically active substances. Older remedies, and new ones, as discovered, should be subject to the same scrutiny as any other medication. There is no reason to believe that herbal remedies have any natural advantage over conventional ones. Randomized controlled trials can distinguish good medicines from bad, independent of the source.

Conjugation of Entender, Perder, and Similar Spanish Verbs

Conjugation of Entender, Perder, and Similar Spanish Verbs Entender, which usually means to understand, is a common stem-changing verb. The only change from the regular conjugation is that when the -e- of the stem is stressed it becomes -ie-. Other verbs (and common definitions) following this pattern include ascender (to climb), atender (to attend to), defender (to defend or protect), descender (to go down), and perder (to lose). Irregular forms are shown below in boldface. Translations are given as a guide and in real life may vary with context. Infinitive of Entender entender (to understand) Gerund of Entender entendiendo (understanding) Participle of Entender entendido (understood) Present Indicative of Entender yo entiendo, tà º entiendes, usted/à ©l/ella entiende, nosotros/as entendemos, vosotros/as entendà ©is, ustedes/ellos/ellas entienden (I understand, you understand, he understands, etc.) Preterite of Entender yo entendà ­, tà º entendiste, usted/à ©l/ella entendià ³, nosotros/as entendimos, vosotros/as entendisteis, ustedes/ellos/ellas entendieron (I understood, you understood, she understood, etc.) Imperfect Indicative of Entender yo entendà ­a, tà º entendà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella entendà ­a, nosotros/as entendà ­amos, vosotros/as entendà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas entendà ­a (I used to understand, you used to understand, he used to understand, etc.) Future Indicative of Entender yo entenderà ©, tà º entenders, usted/à ©l/ella entender, nosotros/as entenderemos, vosotros/as entenderà ©is, ustedes/ellos/ellas entendern (I will understand, you will understand, he will understand, etc.) Conditional of Entender yo entenderà ­a, tà º entenderà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella entenderà ­a, nosotros/as entenderà ­amos, vosotros/as entenderà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas entenderà ­an (I would understand, you would understand, she would understand, etc.) Present Subjunctive of Entender que yo entienda, que tà º entiendas, que usted/à ©l/ella entienda, que nosotros/as entendamos, que vosotros/as entendis, que ustedes/ellos/ellas entiendan (that I understand, that you understand, that she understand, etc.) Imperfect Subjunctive of Entender que yo entendiera (entendiese), que tà º entendieras (entendieses), que usted/à ©l/ella entendiera (entendiese), que nosotros/as entendià ©ramos (entendià ©semos), que vosotros/as entendierais (entendieseis), que ustedes/ellos/ellas entendieran (entendiesen) (that I understood, that you understood, that he understood, etc.) Imperative of Entender entiende (tà º), no entiendas (tà º), entienda (usted), entendamos (nosotros/as), entended (vosotros/as), no entendis (vosotros/as), entiendan (ustedes) (understand, dont understand, understand, lets understand, etc.) Compound Tenses of Entender The perfect tenses are made by using the appropriate form of haber and the past participle, entendido. The progressive tenses use estar with the gerund, entendiendo. Sample Sentences Showing Conjugation of Entender and Similar Verbs Quiero entender lo que ests diciendo porque sà © que es importante. (I want to know what youre saying because I know its important. Infinitive.) Un 19% del bosque nativo ms diverso del paà ­s se ha perdido en los à ºltimos 40 aà ±os. (Some 19 percent of the most diverse old-growth forest in the country has been lost in the past 40 years. Present perfect.) Defiendo los derechos de los animales. (I defend the rights of animals. Present indicative.) El terreno sobre el cual estaban desciendo era muy à ©rido. The terrain they were descending was very dry. Past progressive.) El venezolano ascendià ³ al puesto 48 de la lista de jonroneros. (The Venezuelan climbed to No. 48 on the list of home run hitters. Preterite.) La produccià ³n continuaba creciendo mientras que los precios descendà ­an rpidamente. (Production kept on rising while prices fell rapidly. Imperfect.) Atenderà © mi cuerpo y su salud fà ­sica. (I will take care of my body and its physical health. Future.) A lo mejor lo entenderà ­a si me lo explicaras. (Maybe Id understand it if you explained it to me. Conditional.) Espero que no pierdas las ganas de cambiar las cosas. (I hope you dont lose the passion for changing things. Present subjunctive.) El evento tambià ©n sirvià ³ para educar a los atletas para que entendieran la situacià ³n. (The event also served to educate the athletes so they would understand the situation. Imperfect subjunctive.)  ¡Te pierde! (Get lost! Imperative.)

Data Model and Data Warehouse Design Architecture & XML Essay - 1

Data Model and Data Warehouse Design Architecture & XML - Essay Example be fully compliant with all the building laws and regulations, the company certifies the application and changes the status of the application to ‘Certified’. After certifying the plans, the company lodges the plans with the relevant Council for approval; the status of the application at this stage is changed to ‘Lodged’. Once the plans are approved by the Council, the status of the application becomes ‘Approved’, indicating that the building work can commence. Upon completion of the building work, the company inspects the building to ensure that the building work has strictly followed the plans. In case if the building work in not found satisfactory, the company gives instructions to the client that must be followed in order to make the building work satisfactory. The company inspects the building until the work is found satisfactory – means any building work can be inspected several number of times. Once all the building work is finaliz ed and found satisfactory by the company, the status of the application changes to ‘Closed’. A single application may cover multiple building works, and each building work may have a different type (which may be residential house, car port, shed, commercial building etc.), and a class (which may be 1A, 1B, 1C, 2, 3, 4 or 5). The Director of the company is interested to deploy a data warehouse system which can provide analytical views in form of reports, containing data, graphs, and charts, to help the top management in making effective business decisions to increase the productivity, in other words, sales of the company. The company already has a centralized database in which it maintains all the information related to its staff, customers, councils, and applications. This centralized database is a relational database which will represent the information source for the data warehouse in this

The 'What' and 'Why' of Employee Engagement Research Paper

The 'What' and 'Why' of Employee Engagement - Research Paper Example An engaged employee is aware of the business and works closely with the peers to improve the organizational performance (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010). Scope of the study The present study has been confined in order to analyze the key issues related to the topic of employee engagement as well as to explore the importance of the employee engagement. The study also looks to identify the key factors influencing the level of employee engagement (Sekaran and Bougie, 2009). Over the course, the research study conducted by Dale Carnegie and MSW research has been referred in order to find out the importance of the employee engagement in the context of the organizational performance as well as to find out the key factors influencing the employee engagement programs in an organization ((Mullins, 2010). Add to this, in order to get a more holistic view, various employee engagement programs undertaken by various major organizations round the globe has also been referred to (Buelens, Sinding, Wal dstrom, Krietner and Kinicki, 2011). Research Question What is Employee Engagement and what is the importance of employee engagement in the context of the organizational performance? Literature Review Employee engagement overview Engagement at work place has been conceptualized by Kahn as the harnessing of the organizational member or employees with respects the roles and responsibilities towards the organization (Boselie, 2010). In case of engagement, the people may actually employ and express the feelings towards the workplace cognitively, physically and also emotionally (Boxall and Purcell, 2007). Another related construct to employee engagement happens to be the notion of the flow mentioned by Csikszentmihalyi (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990). According to Csikszentmihalyia flow is the state in which there are very little distinction between the individual and the overall organizational environment (Simons, 2011). In this way employee engagement can be defined as the level of involvemen t and commitment that an employee exhibits towards the organization and the values of the organization (Bowditch and Buono, 2001). An engaged employee is always aware of the business perspective of the organization and work closely with the colleagues to improve individual, team as well as organizational performance (Redman and Wilkinson, 2006). Therefore the organization must look to nurture and develop engagement which needs a two way relationship between the employee and the employers. In this way it can be said that employee engagement is actually a barometer that shows the level of association of a person with the organization (Bhattacharya, 2009). Employee engagement is quite closely related to the existing structure of the job involvement. Job involvement can be described as the degree to which the job situation is matching the individual and his or her personal identity. Some researchers actually believed that the job involvement is a cognitive state of the psychological rec ognition. Job involvement depends upon both job satisfaction and saliency (Senscombe, 1998). The HR practitioners feel that engagement has a lot do with what the employees feel about the work. The engagement is also related to the way the employees are being treated in an organization (Alderfer, 1972). There would always be the presence of people who would not give the best effort

Networking Topography Essay Example for Free

Networking Topography Essay

Nathaniel Hawthornes The Artist of the Beautiful Essay -- Hawthorne A

Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Artist of the Beautiful "He had caught a far other butterfly than this. When the artist rose high enough to achieve the beautiful, the symbol by which he made it perceptible to mortal senses became of little value in his eyes while his spirit possessed itself in the enjoyment of the reality." -Hawthorne, "The Artist of the Beautiful". In "The Artist of the Beautiful" by Nathaniel Hawthorne, creative process is represented as the practice of creating an animated mechanism in the shape of a butterfly and imbuing it with the spirit of Owen Warland – the pursuer of beauty. Owen is confronted with the skepticisms of Robert Danforth, a blacksmith, and Peter Hovenden, a retired watch maker. Both Robert and Peter describe Owen's effort to create beauty as a futile struggle while he could be making watches that are useful and profitable. Owen's love toward Annie Hovenden, daughter of Peter Hovenden, puts Owen in a very difficult position of loving the daughter of his enemy. After witnessing two incidents of destruction of his project, receiving the despairing news of Annie's marriage to Robert, and long days and night of toil, Owen finally presents his product of a small machine as a belated-bridal gift to Annie. The story suggests that art is a personal pursuit of the artist's ideal that takes his or her imagination and intellect beyond the real world to see beauty. The artist strives to produce a materialized representation of his or her vision of beauty. This act of creativity involves effort, toil, inspiration, failure, and is accompanied by the scorn and criticism of others who do not understand, as Arthur Koestler puts, the bisociative connection the artist makes in his inspirati... ...est of the society. Owen presents his final product, an animated butterfly, as a belated bridal gift to Annie. The butterfly that Owen made is so lively that Annie, Robert, and Peter question whether it is alive. To this question, Owen responds that his work has "absorbed [his] own being into itself' and it is a "[representation] of his intellect, the imagination, the sensibility, and the soul of an Artist of the Beautiful" (350). The butterfly well might be a representation of the spirit of an artist as its beauty and light diminishes in "an atmosphere of doubt and mockery" (352). Although the cost of his toil and thought was only to be shattered again by a stroke of a baby, the destruction of his masterpiece did not disappoint him for he "rose high enough to achieve the beautiful... [and] his spirit possessed itself in the enjoyment of the reality" (354).

A Comparison of Slim, Curly and Crooks Essay

Slim Slim is the â€Å"prince of the ranch† (pg. 33) and a man held in the utmost view of respect. When we are first introduced to this character, he is described as a man whose â€Å"authority was so great that his word was taken on any subject, be it politics or love†¦ His face was ageless†¦ His ear heard more than was said to him, and his slow speech had overtones not of thought, but of understanding beyond thought.† (pg. 33) Past his optimal physical attributes, tall and built, Slim is the most caring man of the bunkhouse. He welcomes George and Lennie into the group without hesitation and even gives Lennie a pup. Along with his compassion, he has an air of dignity and understanding, as displayed during George’s recounting of the incident in Weed. His indiscrimination of Lennie as well as Crooks shows he is a fair man who does what is right, not what is best for him. Slim is one of few men who would risk his own well-being in order to save another, as he did when Lennie was under attack by Curly. In all aspects, Slim represents the connection between the proletariat and the aristocracy of America. He is somewhat of a middleman, for he could fit into either category and does not discriminate based upon status. Curly Curly, the boss’s son, is undoubtedly harboring many feeling of insignificance. His small stature and status among the guys in the ranch obviously make him feel inferior, as they would anyone. The constant worry of his wife’s fidelity as well as his insecurities about himself and his appearance haunt him throughout each day, causing him to lash out and therefore be labeled as a â€Å"punk† by the other guys in the bunkhouse. He has an advantage based upon his size though, for it makes him more able to pick  fights with bigger men than he, like Lennie. He harbors a jealousy towards Slim that is unrelenting, for he desires the kind of respect that Slim possesses. It is through these actions that Curly represents acceptance and the quest to achieve something in life. Everyone, be it George and Lennie’s dream for land of their own, or Curly’s desire to be held in respect, has a need for something that they view as something that would make their lives that much better. Crooks Crooks, the stable buck, is the outsider of the group. He lives in a separate room than the rest of the men and pretty much stays out of sight and out of mind. In addition to this social seclusion, his physical attributes add to the fact that he is not like the other ranchers. Crooks has resentment for the other men whom he associates with over a game of horseshoes, and is very cynical about the world around him. He frightens Lennie with his assumptions of abandonment, and nearly deflates George, Lennie, and Candy’s aspiration of owning the land they dream about. Because of his negativity, he represents the doubt that lies within anyone with a dream. Every thought that crosses Crook’s mind is something negative; he is calloused to the feeling of hope, having abandoned it a long time ago. There is definitely a sliver of this attribute hidden inside George at times when he doubt the validity of this fairy tale in which he lives; always dreaming of something more. Yet it i s this kind of attitude that holds people back and prevents them from pursuing their most important of dreams.

Ecotourism in Hong Kong

The image of Hong Kong is well known as â€Å"shopper’s paradise† and â€Å"Pearl of the Orient†. Further, according to the International Market Research Study, it shows that the lack of new appeals in Hong Kong is a significant reason for it not being considered as a vacation destination. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the appeals of Hong Kong. Why not use our existing natural resources as tourist attractions? To maintain the competitiveness, Hong Kong should build up its own unique and special character. Natural wonders of the territory provide a chance to show the uniqueness and international significance of Hong Kong ecology.Green tourism, outdoors, hiking and nature are some of the new and promising products most needed by consumers. Building ecotourism could attract special interest tourists. It was found that nature-based activities or scenery is one of the top attractions which the visitors to Hong Kong are interested in. These natural attractions i nclude trips to outlying islands, nature reserves (Mai Po), beaches, mountain hiking, urban nature trails and dolphin-watching. Hong Kong’s remote, unpolluted outlying islands are an attraction for tourists.Many tourists are surprised that Hong Kong has dolphins in one of the world busiest harbors. In addition, a survey completed by the HKTA found that about 15% of tourists are interested in taking part in outdoor and hiking activities in Hong Kong. Since many overseas tourists are interested in seeing wildlife and beauty natural scenic, there is a potential market for ecotourism. About 70% of Hong Kong is rural area. Nature is right on the city’s doorstep. They are mostly accessible by buses and minibuses. Hiking, swimming, scubas-diving and sailing are all possible just a short journey from urban area.A total of 24 country parks have been designated for the purposes of nature conservation, countryside recreation and outdoor education. There are  22 special areas cr eated mainly for the purpose of nature conservation. The country parks and special areas cover a total area of 44  239 hectares. The country parks comprise scenic hills, woodlands, reservoirs and coastline in all parts of Hong Kong. The country parks are very popular with all sectors of the community and spending a day in a country park is one of the best recreational choices. About 12. million visitors were recorded in 2012 and most visitors engaged in leisure walking, hiking, barbecuing and camping. Hong Kong has glory and outstanding scenic beauty, and also rich ecology. These are striking advantages for promoting ecotourism. Besides, Hong Kong is characterized by hilly topography with less low flat land areas. It consists of undeveloped and unspoiled steep hills, some 230 outlying islands and also other geographical and ecological features of high scenic and amenity value on Government lands with unrestricted public access and proximity to the urban areas.There is a wide varie ty of scenic views, landscape features and habitats including sandy beaches, rocky foreshores, mountain ranges, grasslands, valleys, shrub lands and so on. The sub-tropical climatic environment and extensive undeveloped tracts of natural landscapes provide a wide range of habitats, and supports high biodiversity of flora and fauna, both resident and migratory. There are about 500 species of birds, one-third of all species of birds in China. More than 230 species of butterflies and over 100 species of dragonflies can be found.There are more than 2600 species of vascular plants, 50 species of mammals, 80 species of reptiles and more than 20 species of amphibians in Hong Kong (AFCD 2013). A high proportion of birds in Hong Kong are winter visitors and passage migrants in spring and autumn, followed by resident birds and summer visitors. Migration is a strong instinct, and birds (particularly water birds) are often able to traverse immense natural barriers, frequently migrating and maki ng one or more stopovers en route.In Hong Kong, we can watch butterflies in all seasons due to warm climate and the presence of a variety of habitats. There are over 230 butterfly species in Hong Kong and more than 130 species have been recorded in Hong Kong Wetland Park. The Butterfly Garden in the Hong Kong Wetland Park is planted with various larval food plants and nectar plants. It is an ideal place for learning butterflies. Dragonflies and damselflies are among the most beautiful and spectacular insects in the world.Their lives are closely intertwined with wetlands. Up to April 2009, there are 115 species of dragonfly officially recorded in Hong Kong. During the Dragonfly Festival, Hong Kong Wetland Park will organize a series of activities for public to broaden their knowledge of dragonflies. These activities also aimed to promote dragonflies watching and encourage the public to engage in the conservation works of wetlands and dragonflies. Our bustling metropolis has more than 40% of its land designated as protected green areas.Apart from providing habitats for our myriad wildlife, this verdant countryside is also home to world-class rock formations and geological features. A geopark is a unique natural area with special geological significance and natural and cultural landscapes, and can serve the three objectives of conservation, education and sustained development. The Marine Parks Ordinance protects and conserves the marine environment and a rich collection of aquatic animals and plants, such as corals, sea grasses and dolphins. In Hong Kong, there are 84 species of reef-building corals.Reef-building Corals in Hong Kong with the splendid colors and graceful growth forms and they also build â€Å"homes† for a wide range of marine animals. At present, there are four marine parks and one marine reserve, including Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park, Yan Chau Tong Marine Park, Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park, Tung Ping Chau Marine Park and Cape D'Aguila r Marine Reserve. They cover a total area of 2 430 hectares and comprise scenic coastal areas, seascapes and important marine habitats. Marine parks and reserve can be managed for conservation, education, recreation and scientific studies.In marine parks, visitors are encouraged to appreciate the beauty and diversity of marine life. Diving, snorkeling, swimming, canoeing, sailing, underwater photography and school visits are popular activities in marine parks. Educational activities such as guided tours, beach clean-ups, seabed clean-ups and public lectures are regularly organized. Tourists can take part in them. To conclude, there is a great potential for the further development of ecotourism in Hong Kong since the territory is rich in ecology with outstanding natural beauty.Pure Ecotourism can include as one of the attractions in the trip to experience the green side of Hong Kong and to show the compact and variety of the territory. However, it is unsuitable to promote ecotourism without any development strategy. To ensure the ecological sustainability of nature and ecotourism, conversation should be in the first priority when developing ecotourism. For the sustainable development of ecotourism, it is important to let tourism industry, government, tourists and residents know what is the meaning of ecotourism.

Polytheism to Monotheism essays

Polytheism to Monotheism essays Throughout history, people have developed many different religions and worshiped numerous deities. During the first and second century, people began the conversion from believing in many gods to believing in just one. Due to the mass confusion of thousands of gods, the lack of unity, and the constant wars causing all people to fear death and look for divine answers, monotheism developed. The mass confusion of thousands of gods made polytheism too difficult and extremely unorganized. In "St. Augustine: Animistic spirits in Roman Religion," Saint Augustine stated "But how is it possible to mention in one part of this book all the names of gods or goddesses, which the Romans scarcely could comprise in great volumes..." In other words, Saint Augustine was saying that there was countless numbers of gods and goddesses that caused too much confusion and frustration. They believed they needed one god or goddess to trust in, to watch over many specific and various things. For example, Proserpina watched over the germinating seeds, Nodutus over the joints and knobs of the stems, the farms to goddess Rumina, and the ridges and mountains to god Jugatinus. This shows that by converting to monotheism, it makes life simpler and less complicated. Another reason why they converted to monotheism is because they needed and wanted to feel a better trust and a sense of unity. The Romans felt insecure of their religion and felt that there needed to have just one mighty god. In "Augustine Is Brought to His Faith," Saint Augustine declared "I read no further, I did not need to; for instantly, as the sentence ended-by a light of security that poured into my heart-all the gloom of doubt vanished." (Plikington 126). After Saint Augustine picked up and read the New Testament, he then knew that monotheism is better because of the trust and security that he felt. After reading the New Testament, people started to feel the sense of unity that they did not ...

How Vacancies in the US Congress are Filled

How Vacancies in the US Congress are Filled The methods for filling vacancies in the U.S. Congress vary greatly, and for good reason, between the Senate and the House of Representatives.   When a U.S. representative or senator leave Congress before the end of his or her term, are the people of their congressional district or state left without representation in Washington? Key Takeaways: Vacancies in Congress Vacancies in the U.S. Congress occur when a senator or representative dies, resigns, retires, is expelled, or is elected to another office before the end of their regular term.Most vacancies in the Senate can be filled immediately through an appointment made by the governor to the former senator’s state.Vacancies in the House can take as long as six months to fill, because representatives can only be replaced through a special election. Members of Congress; senators, and representatives, usually leave office before the end of their terms for one of five reasons: death, resignation, retirement, expulsion, and election or appointment to other government posts. Vacancies in the Senate While the U.S. Constitution does not mandate a method by which vacancies in the Senate are to be handled, vacancies can be filled almost immediately through an appointment made by the governor of the former senators state. The laws of some states require the governor to call a special election to replace U.S. senators. In states where replacements are appointed by the governor, the governor almost always appoints a member of his or her own political party. In some cases, the governor will appoint one of the states current U.S. representatives in the House to fill the vacant Senate seat, thus creating a vacancy in the House. Vacancies in Congress also occur when a member runs for and is elected to some other political office before his or her term is over. In 36 states, the governors appoint temporary replacements for vacant Senate seats. At the next regularly scheduled election, a special election is held to replace the temporary appointees, who may run for the office themselves. In the remaining 14 states, a special election is held by a specified date to fill the vacancy. Of those 14 states, 10 allow the governor the option of making an interim appointment to fill the seat until the special election is held.   Since Senate vacancies can be filled so quickly and each state has two senators, it is highly unlikely that a state would ever be without representation in the Senate. The 17th Amendment and Senate Vacancies Until ratification of the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913, vacant seats in the Senate in the same way Senators themselves were chosen - by the states, rather than by the people. As originally ratified, the Constitution specified that Senators were to be appointed by the legislatures of the states rather than elected by the people. Similarly, the original Constitution left the duty of filling vacant Senate seats solely to the state legislatures. The framers felt that granting the states the power to appoint and replace senators would make them more loyal to the federal government and increase the new Constitution’s chances of ratification. However, when repeated lengthy Senate vacancies began to delay the legislative process, the House and Senate finally agreed to send the 17th Amendment requiring the direct election of senators to the states for ratification. The Amendment also established the current method of filling Senate vacancies through special elections. Vacancies in the House Vacancies in the House of Representatives typically take far longer to fill. The Constitution requires that member of the House be replaced only by an election held in the congressional district of the former representative. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. Article I, Section 2, Clause 4 of the U.S. Constitution According to the U.S. Constitution and state law, the governor of the state calls for a special election to replace the vacant House seat. The full election cycle must be followed including political party nominating processes, primary elections and a general election, all held in the congressional district involved. The entire process often takes as long as from three to six months. While a House seat is vacant, the office of the former representative remains open, its staff operating under the supervision of the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The people of the affected congressional district do not have voting representation in the House during the vacancy period. They can, however, continue to contact former representatives interim office for assistance with a limited range of services as listed below by the Clerk of the House. Legislative Information from Vacant Offices Until a new representative is elected, the vacant congressional office cannot take or advocate positions of public policy. Constituents may choose to express opinions on legislation or issues to your elected Senators or wait until a new representative is elected. Mail received by the vacant office will be acknowledged. The staff of the vacant office can assist constituents with general information concerning the status of legislation, but cannot provide analysis of issues or render opinions. Assistance With Federal Government Agencies The staff of the vacant office will continue to assist constituents who have cases pending with the office. These constituents will receive a letter from the Clerk requesting whether the staff should continue assistance or not. Constituents who do not have pending cases but require assistance in matters relating to federal government agencies are invited to contact the nearest district office for further information and assistance.

Impact of Employee Participation on Job Satisfaction Dissertation

Impact of Employee Participation on Job Satisfaction - Dissertation Example One of the major challenges which the management of most of the organizations are facing is to develop and implement effective human resource strategies. Developing effective human resource strategies are required because they enhance the overall performance of organizations. Job satisfaction, employees participation, team empowerment are some important components of human resource strategy. Since most of the organizations are facing structural weaknesses and internal challenges, therefore, learning the determinants of job satisfaction has become very important for management. It is generally argued that employees’ participation in the organization, enhance their motivation level thereby, increasing the job satisfaction of people. The aim of this report is to evaluate whether there is a link between employees participation and job satisfaction or not and how participation may increase job satisfaction. This report is very important to understand the factors which may help the organization to increase job satisfaction to the workers. In addition to the impact of employees’ participation on job satisfaction, this report will also determine the role of the level of motivation and organizational trust of employees. Therefore, this report will be really worthwhile for the companies to learn the importance of employees’ participation at a workplace.  To achieve high individual and organization performance, companies are seeking to devise various strategies and employees’ participation in decision making is one of them. Huge literature work has been done to study the impact of employees’ participation on job satisfaction.